Generated by All in One SEO v4.8.9, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Broadly Epi Epidemiology, Broadly Speaking ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://www.broadlyepi.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Blog](https://www.broadlyepi.com/blog/) - [Bosque Redondo: The Long Walk as Public Health History](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tiphh/bosque-redondo-navajo-long-walk-public-health/) - How Bosque Redondo, the US government's forced relocation of Diné people, became a textbook public health disaster, and what the 1868 treaty did and didn't fix. - [Community Protection Guide: Chemical Agents & Community Response](https://www.broadlyepi.com/community-experts/chemical-agent-response-guide/) - Disclaimer: This guide is a public health resource designed for education and community preparedness. It does not constitute legal or medical advice. The information synthesized here draws from public health data and technical manuals, but in the event of severe injury or persistent symptoms, we always recommend seeking professional medical evaluation. It should also - [Epi Explained: Understanding Herd Immunity](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-herd-immunity/) - Learn about Herd Immunity, its history, core principles, and real-world application in this comprehensive Epi Explained guide. - [Epi Explained: Understanding Age Adjustment](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-age-adjustment/) - Learn about Age Adjustment, its history, core principles, and real-world application in this comprehensive Epi Explained guide. - [Epi Explained: Understanding Health Indicators](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-health-indicators/) - Learn about Health Indicators, their history, core principles, and real-world application in this comprehensive Epi Explained guide. - [Epi Explained: Understanding Risk Factors](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-risk-factors/) - Learn about risk factors, their history, core principles, and real-world application in this comprehensive Epi Explained guide. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Confounding Variables and Effect Modification](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-epidemiology-confounding-variables-effect-modification/) - Prepare for the CPH exam with this focused guide on Confounding Variables and Effect Modification, including key definitions, formulas, and practice questions. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology - Methods to Reduce Bias](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-epidemiology-methods-to-reduce-bias/) - Prepare for the CPH exam with this focused guide on Methods to Reduce Bias, including key definitions, formulas, and practice questions. - [CPH Focus: Communication : Message Development and Dissemination](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-communication-message-development-and-dissemination/) - In this tutorial, we will explore the essential steps involved in message development and dissemination within public health communication. Developing effective health messages that resonate with diverse audiences and choosing the right channels to disseminate them are key to influencing public behavior and improving health outcomes. Mastering these concepts is crucial for success on the - [CPH Focus: Communication : Audience analysis and segmentation](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-communication-audience-analysis-and-segmentation/) - In this tutorial, we will explore the public health communication principle of audience analysis and segmentation. Understanding the target audience is crucial for developing effective public health campaigns, as it ensures that the message resonates with the intended population. Audience analysis and segmentation involve breaking down a diverse population into smaller, more manageable groups based - [CPH Focus: Communication : Cultural Influences on Health Behaviors](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-communication-cultural-influences-on-health-behaviors/) - CPH Focus: Communication: Cultural Competency: Cultural Influences on Health Behaviors In this tutorial, we will explore how cultural influences shape health behaviors and how cultural competency is essential in public health communication. Understanding these cultural factors is crucial for Certified in Public Health (CPH) exam candidates and for designing effective health interventions that resonate with - [CPH Focus: Strategies for Culturally Competent Communication](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-strategies-for-culturally-competent-communication/) - CPH Focus: Communication: Cultural Competency: Strategies for Culturally Competent Communication In this tutorial, we will explore the strategies for culturally competent communication, which are essential for public health professionals to effectively engage with diverse populations. Culturally competent communication involves understanding, respecting, and responding to the cultural, social, and linguistic needs of individuals and communities. This - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Hill's Criteria for Causation](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-epidemiology-hills-criteria-for-causation/) - Prepare for the CPH exam with this focused guide on Hill's Criteria for Causation, including key definitions, formulas, and practice questions. - [CPH Focus: Communication : Principles of Social Marketing](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-communication-principles-of-social-marketing/) - CPH Focus: Communication: Social Marketing: Principles of Social Marketing In this tutorial, we will explore the principles of social marketing, a key topic in public health communication and a critical part of the Certified in Public Health (CPH) exam. Social marketing uses marketing principles to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities for the greater - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Types of Bias](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-epidemiology-types-of-bias/) - Prepare for the CPH exam with this focused guide on Types of Bias, including key definitions, formulas, and practice questions. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Regression Analysis : Linear Regression](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-regression-analysis-linear-regression/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Regression Analysis: Linear Regression In this tutorial, we will cover the fundamental concepts of linear regression, a key statistical method used in public health for examining relationships between variables. Linear regression is widely used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables, - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Regression Analysis : Survival Analysis](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-regression-analysis-survival-analysis/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Regression Analysis : Survival Analysis In this tutorial, we will explore the fundamentals of survival analysis, a key statistical method used in public health research to analyze time-to-event data. Survival analysis focuses on the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Hypothesis Testing : Parametric and Non-parametric Tests](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-hypothesis-testing-parametric-and-non-parametric-tests/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Hypothesis Testing: Parametric and Non-parametric Tests In this article, we will explore the differences between parametric and non-parametric tests, two types of statistical tests commonly used in hypothesis testing. Both types of tests have their own assumptions and applications, and public health professionals must understand when to use - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Hypothesis Testing : Null and Alternative Hypotheses](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-hypothesis-testing-null-and-alternative-hypotheses/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternative Hypotheses Understanding the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses is fundamental to the Certified in Public Health (CPH) exam. Hypothesis testing is a crucial statistical tool used in public health to make decisions based on sample data. In this tutorial, we will explore - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Regression Analysis : Logistic Regression](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-regression-analysis-logistic-regression/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Regression Analysis: Logistic Regression In this tutorial, we will explore the topic of logistic regression, a key statistical method used in public health research. Unlike linear regression, which is used for continuous outcomes, logistic regression is employed when the outcome variable is binary (e.g., disease vs. no disease). - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health : Hypothesis Testing : Type I and Type II errors](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-hypothesis-testing-type-i-and-type-ii-errors/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Hypothesis Testing: Type I and Type II Errors In this tutorial, we explore the fundamental concepts of Type I and Type II errors in hypothesis testing. These error types are critical to understanding the risk of false positives and false negatives within a research or applied epidemiology context. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Probability: Probability Distributions](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-probability-probability-distributions/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Probability: Probability Distributions (Normal, Binomial, Poisson) In this tutorial, we will explore three key probability distributions that are commonly used in public health research: the normal distribution, the binomial distribution, and the Poisson distribution. Each distribution describes the behavior of data in different situations, and understanding them is - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Probability: Basic Probability Concepts](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-probability-basic-probability-concepts/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Probability: Basic Probability Concepts In this tutorial, we will explore basic probability concepts, which are foundational to understanding statistical methods in public health research. Probability helps quantify the likelihood of an event occurring and is critical in making predictions based on data. Mastering these concepts is essential for - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: p-Values and Statistical Significance](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-inferential-statistics-p-values-and-statistical-significance/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: p-Values and Statistical Significance In this tutorial, we will explore the concepts of p-values and statistical significance, which are fundamental to interpreting results in inferential statistics. p-values help researchers determine whether the results of a study are likely due to chance or represent a true effect - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: Confidence Intervals](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-inferential-statistics-confidence-intervals/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: Confidence Intervals In this tutorial, we will explore the concept of confidence intervals, a fundamental tool in inferential statistics. Confidence intervals are used to estimate the range within which a population parameter (e.g., a mean or proportion) is likely to lie, based on sample data. Understanding - [Community Experts Issue 3: Rowan Odom’s Story – Living with an Undiagnosed Chronic Illness](https://www.broadlyepi.com/community-experts/community-experts-issue-3-rowan-odoms-story-living-with-an-undiagnosed-chronic-illness/) - In this issue of Community Experts, we delve into the story of Rowan Odom, whose life has been shaped by an undiagnosed chronic condition. Through Rowan's candid reflections, we explore not only the personal impact of living without a diagnosis but also the systemic barriers that many face in the healthcare system, - [MMWR Booster for: Use of Ebola Vaccine: Expansion of Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices To Include Two Additional Populations — United States, 2021 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);290–292](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-ebola-vaccine-expansion-of-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-to-include-two-additional-populations-united-states-2021-february/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expanded Recommendations: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has expanded Ebola vaccination recommendations to include health care personnel at special pathogens treatment centers (SPTCs) and laboratorians and support staff at Laboratory Response Network (LRN) facilities. High-Risk Populations: The expanded recommendations target those at high risk for potential occupational exposure to Ebola - [MMWR Booster for: Results from a Test-to-Release from Isolation Strategy Among Fully Vaccinated National Football League Players and Staff Members with COVID-19 — United States, December 14–19, 2021 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);299–305](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-results-from-a-test-to-release-from-isolation-strategy-among-fully-vaccinated-national-football-league-players-and-staff-members-with-covid-19-united-states-december-14/) - Top 5 Takeaways Updated Protocols: On December 16, 2021, the NFL updated its test-to-release protocols in response to the surge in COVID-19 cases and the predominance of the Omicron variant. Testing Results: Among 173 fully vaccinated individuals with COVID-19, 46% received a negative or high cycle threshold RT-PCR test result by day 6 postdiagnosis. Isolation - [MMWR Booster for: Screening Programs for SARS-CoV-2 Infections on a University Campus — Austin, Texas, September 30–November 30, 2020 / September 3, 2021 / 70(35);1201–1205](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-screening-programs-for-sars-cov-2-infections-on-a-university-campus-austin-texas-september-30-november-30-2020-september-3-2021-70351201-1205/) - Top 5 Takeaways Multiple Testing Programs: UT Austin implemented three types of SARS-CoV-2 testing programs: clinic-based diagnostic testing, voluntary community screening, and targeted screening for specific student populations. Detection of Asymptomatic Cases: Targeted screening identified a higher proportion of asymptomatic cases (37.5%) compared to community testing (23%) and clinic-based testing (5.8%). Demographic Differences: Infected students - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Nonimmunocompromised Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years — VISION Network, 10 States, April 2021–January 2022 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);352–358](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-covid-19-pfizer-biontech-bnt162b2-mrna-vaccination-in-preventing-covid-19-associated-emergency-department-and-urgent-care-encounters-and-hospitalizations-amo/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) in Children: Two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine provided 46% effectiveness against COVID-19–associated emergency department (ED) and urgent care (UC) encounters among children aged 5–11 years. VE in Adolescents: For adolescents aged 12–15 and 16–17 years, VE was 83% and 76% respectively within 14–149 days after the second dose, - [MMWR Booster for: Multiple Variants of SARS-CoV-2 in a University Outbreak After Spring Break — Chicago, Illinois, March–May 2021 / September 3, 2021 / 70(35);1195–1200](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-multiple-variants-of-sars-cov-2-in-a-university-outbreak-after-spring-break-chicago-illinois-march-may-2021-september-3-2021-70351195-1200/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Outbreak: A total of 158 COVID-19 cases were identified among undergraduate students at an urban university in Chicago following spring break. High Travel and Social Exposure: Among the infected students, 63.6% reported recent travel outside Chicago, and 40.7% reported indoor social exposures. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Lineages: Whole genome sequencing revealed nine different - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Guidance: 4-Month Rifapentine-Moxifloxacin Regimen for the Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis — United States, 2022 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);285–289](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-guidance-4-month-rifapentine-moxifloxacin-regimen-for-the-treatment-of-drug-susceptible-pulmonary-tuberculosis-united-states-2022-february-25-2022-718285/) - Top 5 Takeaways New Regimen Recommendation: A 4-month regimen with rifapentine (RPT), moxifloxacin (MOX), isoniazid (INH), and pyrazinamide (PZA) is recommended for treating drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in patients aged ≥12 years. Clinical Trial Evidence: The recommendation is based on a clinical trial showing the 4-month regimen is as effective as the standard 6-month regimen. Patient - [MMWR Booster for: Evaluation of Syndromic Surveillance Data for Studying Harmful Algal Bloom-Associated Illnesses — United States, 2017–2019 / September 3, 2021 / 70(35);1191–1194](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-evaluation-of-syndromic-surveillance-data-for-studying-harmful-algal-bloom-associated-illnesses-united-states-2017-2019-september-3-2021-70351191-1/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increasing Algal Blooms: The number of harmful algal blooms is rising in the U.S., driven by higher water temperatures and nutrient runoff. Seasonal Patterns: Harmful algal bloom-associated emergency department (ED) visits peak during warmer months (June–October). Documentation Gaps: Most harmful algal bloom-associated ED visits (67%) were identified through chief complaint text rather - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Doses Among Persons Aged 12–17 Years — United States, December 9, 2021–February 20, 2022 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);347–351](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-covid-19-vaccine-booster-doses-among-persons-aged-12-17-years-united-states-december-9-2021-february-20-2022-march-4-2022-719/) - Top 5 Takeaways Adverse Reactions: Reactions after Pfizer-BioNTech booster vaccination in adolescents were generally mild to moderate and transient, with frequencies equal to or slightly higher than after the second primary dose. Myocarditis Reports: Myocarditis was reported less frequently after a booster dose compared to the second primary dose, with a reporting rate of 11.4 - [MMWR Booster for: National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years — United States, 2020 / September 3, 2021 / 70(35);1183–1190](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-national-regional-state-and-selected-local-area-vaccination-coverage-among-adolescents-aged-13-17-years-united-states-2020-september-3-2021-70351183/) - Top 5 Takeaways HPV Vaccination Increase: Coverage with ≥1 dose of HPV vaccine increased from 71.5% in 2019 to 75.1% in 2020, and HPV UTD status rose from 54.2% to 58.6%. Stable Tdap and MenACWY Coverage: Coverage with ≥1 dose of Tdap and MenACWY vaccines remained high and stable at 90.1% and 89.3%, respectively. Disparities - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Readiness for Use of Type 2 Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Response to a Type 2 Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreak — Tajikistan, 2020–2021 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);361–362](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-readiness-for-use-of-type-2-novel-oral-poliovirus-vaccine-in-response-to-a-type-2-circulating-vaccine-derived-poliovirus-outbreak-tajikistan-2020/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Identification: A vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) was identified in Tajikistan in January 2021, with cases indicating local transmission and genetic links to a strain from Pakistan. Risk Assessment and Vaccine Selection: The Tajik Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Population (MoHSPP) determined that the novel OPV type 2 - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Tuberculosis Outbreak Linked to a Contaminated Bone Graft Product Used in Spinal Surgery — Delaware, March–June 2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1261–1263](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-tuberculosis-outbreak-linked-to-a-contaminated-bone-graft-product-used-in-spinal-surgery-delaware-march-june-2021-september-10-2021-703/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Identification: Seven patients developed tuberculosis after spinal surgery, linked to a contaminated bone graft product (product A). Nationwide Recall: The manufacturer issued a voluntary nationwide recall of product A after the outbreak was identified. High Attack Rates: 83% of patients showed laboratory or imaging evidence of tuberculosis, with significant symptoms and - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Transmission Within Households — Four U.S. Jurisdictions, November 2021–February 2022 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);341–346](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-transmission-within-households-four-u-s-jurisdictions-november-2021-february-2022-march-4-2022-719341-346/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Household Transmission: Omicron infection resulted in a high transmission rate of 67.8% among household contacts. Impact of Vaccination: The attack rate (AR) was lower among household contacts of vaccinated index patients, particularly those who received a booster dose (42.7%) compared to unvaccinated index patients (63.9%). Effectiveness of Isolation: Household contacts of - [MMWR Booster for: Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020–August 14, 2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1255–1260](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hospitalizations-associated-with-covid-19-among-children-and-adolescents-covid-net-14-states-march-1-2020-august-14-2021-september-10-2021-70361255/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Hospitalization Rates: COVID-19–associated hospitalization rates among children and adolescents rose significantly from late June to mid-August 2021, coinciding with the spread of the Delta variant. Age-Specific Incidence: The cumulative incidence of COVID-19–associated hospitalizations was highest among children aged 0–4 years and adolescents aged 12–17 years. Vaccination Effectiveness: Hospitalization rates among unvaccinated - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: First Reports of Locally Transmitted Seoul Hantavirus Infection — District of Columbia, May 2018–December 2018 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);359–360](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-first-reports-of-locally-transmitted-seoul-hantavirus-infection-district-of-columbia-may-2018-december-2018-march-4-2022-719359/) - Top 5 Takeaways First Local Transmission: This report documents the first locally transmitted cases of Seoul hantavirus (SEOV) infection in the District of Columbia. Severe Symptoms: Both patients exhibited severe symptoms including high fever, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Occupational Exposure: Patient A had frequent rodent sightings at his workplace, while Patient B had no - [MMWR Booster for: Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0–17 Years — United States, August 2020–August 2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1249–1254](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-trends-in-covid-19-cases-emergency-department-visits-and-hospital-admissions-among-children-and-adolescents-aged-0-17-years-united-states-august-2020-aug/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased COVID-19 Cases: Since July 2021, with the Delta variant predominating, COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents aged 0–17 years have increased significantly. Higher ED Visits and Hospital Admissions: COVID-19-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions have risen, particularly in states with lower vaccination coverage. ICU Admissions: The proportion of pediatric COVID-19 - [MMWR Booster for: Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Between Urban and Rural Counties — United States, December 14, 2020–January 31, 2022 / March 4, 2022 / 71(9);335–340](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-disparities-in-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-between-urban-and-rural-counties-united-states-december-14-2020-january-31-2022-march-4-2022-719335/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower Vaccination Coverage in Rural Areas: COVID-19 vaccination coverage with the first dose was significantly lower in rural counties (58.5%) compared to urban counties (75.4%). Increased Disparities Over Time: The disparity in vaccination coverage between urban and rural areas has more than doubled since April 2021. Booster Dose Uptake: Receipt of booster - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission to Masked and Unmasked Close Contacts of University Students with COVID-19 — St. Louis, Missouri, January–May 2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1245–1248](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-transmission-to-masked-and-unmasked-close-contacts-of-university-students-with-covid-19-st-louis-missouri-january-may-2021-september-10-2021-703/) - Top 5 Takeaways Mask Use Reduces Transmission: Close contacts with any unmasked exposure had significantly higher odds of receiving a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result compared to those with only masked exposure. Impact of Multiple Exposures: Any additional exposure increased the odds of a positive test result by 40%, highlighting the importance of minimizing close contact - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Congenital Varicella Syndrome Case — Illinois, 2021 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);390–392](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-congenital-varicella-syndrome-case-illinois-2021-march-11-2022-7110390-392/) - Top 5 Takeaways Case Overview: A newborn was delivered at 24 weeks’ gestation with congenital varicella syndrome after the mother contracted varicella at 12 weeks’ gestation. Maternal History: The mother, aged 27, had no documented history of varicella disease or vaccination and was born outside the United States. Impact of Varicella Vaccination: The U.S. varicella - [MMWR Booster for: Using Wastewater Surveillance Data to Support the COVID-19 Response — United States, 2020–2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1242–1244](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-using-wastewater-surveillance-data-to-support-the-covid-19-response-united-states-2020-2021-september-10-2021-70361242-1244/) - Top 5 Takeaways National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS): Launched by the CDC in September 2020, NWSS coordinates wastewater surveillance programs to support the COVID-19 response across the United States. Early Detection: Wastewater surveillance can detect SARS-CoV-2 infection trends before other COVID-19 metrics, such as case reports and hospital admissions, providing early warnings for public health - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 Incidence in K–12 School Districts with Mask-Required Versus Mask-Optional Policies — Arkansas, August–October 2021 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);384–389](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-incidence-in-k-12-school-districts-with-mask-required-versus-mask-optional-policies-arkansas-august-october-2021-march-11-2022-7110384/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower Incidence with Masks: Districts with universal mask requirements had a 23% lower incidence of COVID-19 among staff and students compared to those without mask mandates. Impact of Mask Policies: The study found that mask policies were effective in reducing COVID-19 incidence, particularly in areas with high community transmission. Comparative Analysis: Districts - [MMWR Booster for: Long-Term Symptoms Among Adults Tested for SARS-CoV-2 — United States, January 2020–April 2021 / September 10, 2021 / 70(36);1235–1241](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-long-term-symptoms-among-adults-tested-for-sars-cov-2-united-states-january-2020-april-2021-september-10-2021-70361235-1241/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Long-Term Symptoms: Approximately two-thirds of respondents with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test experienced long-term symptoms, compared to 42.9% of those with a negative test. Common Long-Term Symptoms: Fatigue, changes in smell or taste, shortness of breath, cough, and headache were more prevalent among those who tested positive. Healthcare Utilization: Those with - [MMWR Booster for: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults Aged ≥18 Years and Considerations for Extended Intervals for Administration of Primary Series Doses of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines — United States, February 2022 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);416–421](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-recommendation-for-use-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-in-adults-aged-≥18-years-and-considerations-for-extended-interval/) - Top 5 Takeaways Full FDA Approval: On January 31, 2022, the FDA granted full approval to the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for individuals aged ≥18 years. ACIP Recommendation: On February 4, 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued a standard recommendation for the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in adults aged ≥18 years. - [MMWR Booster for: New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status — New York, May 3–July 25, 2021 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1306–1311](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-new-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations-among-adults-by-vaccination-status-new-york-may-3-july-25-2021-september-17-2021-70371306-1311/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness Decline: The overall age-adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against new COVID-19 cases declined from 91.8% to 75.0% during May 3–July 25, 2021. Stable Hospitalization Protection: VE against hospitalization remained relatively stable, ranging from 89.5% to 95.1% during the same period. Delta Variant Impact: The decline in VE against new cases coincided - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccine Provider Access and Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 5–11 Years — United States, November 2021–January 2022 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);378–383](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccine-provider-access-and-vaccination-coverage-among-children-aged-5-11-years-united-states-november-2021-january-2022-march-11-2022-7110/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Provider Accessibility: By 11 weeks after the pediatric COVID-19 vaccination program launch, 92% of children aged 5–11 years lived within 5 miles of a vaccine provider. Pharmacy Role: Pharmacies accounted for 44% of vaccine providers and administered 46.4% of doses to this age group. Coverage Disparities: First-dose vaccination coverage was lower - [MMWR Booster for: Characteristics and Adverse Events of Patients for Whom Nifurtimox Was Released Through CDC-Sponsored Investigational New Drug Program for Treatment of Chagas Disease — United States, 2001–2021 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);371–374](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-characteristics-and-adverse-events-of-patients-for-whom-nifurtimox-was-released-through-cdc-sponsored-investigational-new-drug-program-for-treatment-of-chagas-disease-unite/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Adverse Event Rate: 91.4% of patients reported experiencing at least one adverse event during treatment with nifurtimox. Demographic Concentration: Most patients were adults aged ≥18 years (91.8%) and Hispanic (93.2%). Geographic Distribution: 34.2% of the patients were from California, the state with the highest number of treated patients. Common Adverse Events: - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Xylazine, a Veterinary Tranquilizer, Identified as an Emerging Novel Substance in Drug Overdose Deaths — Connecticut, 2019–2020 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1303–1304](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-xylazine-a-veterinary-tranquilizer-identified-as-an-emerging-novel-substance-in-drug-overdose-deaths-connecticut-2019-2020-september-17/) - Top 5 Takeaways Emerging Substance: Xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer, is increasingly found in drug overdose deaths in Connecticut. Combination with Fentanyl: Nearly all xylazine-positive deaths also involved fentanyl, highlighting a dangerous combination. Demographics: Xylazine-associated deaths predominantly occurred among males (80.9%) and non-Hispanic White persons (74.0%). Routes of Administration: Injection was the most common route of - [MMWR Booster for: Evaluation of Serologic Cross-Reactivity Between Dengue Virus and SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness — United States and Puerto Rico, April 2020–March 2021 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);375–377](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-evaluation-of-serologic-cross-reactivity-between-dengue-virus-and-sars-cov-2-in-patients-with-acute-febrile-illness-united-states-and-puerto-rico-april-2020-march/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Specificity: The study found that the specificity of DENV and SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) was ≥98%, indicating minimal cross-reactivity. Minimal Cross-Reactivity: Results showed minimal levels of cross-reactivity between DENV, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Diagnosis Integrity: Diagnoses of dengue or Zika virus diseases using the serological assays are not affected - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Xylazine Detection and Involvement in Drug Overdose Deaths — United States, 2019 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1300–1302](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-xylazine-detection-and-involvement-in-drug-overdose-deaths-united-states-2019-september-17-2021-70371300-1302/) - Top 5 Takeaways Xylazine Detection: Xylazine was detected in 1.8% of overdose deaths reported to the State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) in 2019. Xylazine Involvement: Xylazine was listed as a contributing cause of death in 1.2% of overdose deaths, with 64.3% of those cases having xylazine as a cause of death. Demographic Trends: - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Estimates of 2021–22 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States, February 2022 / March 11, 2022 / 71(10);365–370](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-estimates-of-2021-22-seasonal-influenza-vaccine-effectiveness-united-states-february-2022-march-11-2022-7110365-370/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Vaccine Effectiveness: The 2021–22 seasonal influenza vaccine showed only 16% effectiveness against medically attended outpatient ARI caused by influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Predominance of A(H3N2): Most influenza viruses detected this season were A(H3N2), with a genetic clade 3C.2a1b subclade 2a.2. Continued Vaccination Recommendation: Despite low effectiveness, CDC recommends continued vaccination as it - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization — Five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, United States, February 1–August 6, 2021 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1294–1299](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-five-veterans-affairs-medical-centers-united-states-february-1-august/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccine Effectiveness: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were 86.8% effective in preventing COVID-19–associated hospitalization among U.S. veterans. Effectiveness Across Variants: The effectiveness remained high during both pre-Delta (84.1%) and Delta variant predominance (89.3%) periods. Age-Related Differences: Vaccine effectiveness was lower among veterans aged ≥65 years (79.8%) compared to those aged 18–64 years (95.1%). - [MMWR Booster for: Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0–4 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020–February 2022 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);429–436](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hospitalization-of-infants-and-children-aged-0-4-years-with-laboratory-confirmed-covid-19-covid-net-14-states-march-2020-february-2022-march-18-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Hospitalization Rates: During the Omicron variant predominance, infants and children aged 0–4 years were hospitalized at approximately five times the rate compared to the Delta variant peak. Highest Risk Group: Infants aged - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Estimates of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Clinic Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Predominance — Nine States, June–August 2021 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1291–1293](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-estimates-of-covid-19-vaccine-effectiveness-against-covid-19-associated-emergency-department-or-urgent-care-clinic-encounters-and-hospitalizations-among-adults-during/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Overall Vaccine Effectiveness: COVID-19 vaccines showed high effectiveness against hospitalization (86%) and emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) encounters (82%) during the Delta variant predominance. Age-Related Differences: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalization was lower in adults aged ≥75 years (76%) compared to those aged 18–74 years (89%). Vaccine-Specific Effectiveness: Moderna vaccine recipients had - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of 2-Dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech) mRNA Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children Aged 5–11 Years and Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years — PROTECT Cohort, July 2021–February 2022 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);422–428](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-2-dose-bnt162b2-pfizer-biontech-mrna-vaccine-in-preventing-sars-cov-2-infection-among-children-aged-5-11-years-and-adolescents-aged-12-15-years/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness: Two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine reduced the risk of Omicron infection by 31% among children aged 5–11 years and by 59% among adolescents aged 12–15 years. Asymptomatic Infections: Approximately half of Omicron infections in unvaccinated children and adolescents were asymptomatic. Symptom Duration: Vaccinated participants with Omicron infections spent - [MMWR Booster for: Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status — 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4–July 17, 2021 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1284–1290](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monitoring-incidence-of-covid-19-cases-hospitalizations-and-deaths-by-vaccination-status-13-u-s-jurisdictions-april-4-july-17-2021-september-17-2021-703/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness: The study found a potential decline in vaccine protection against confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection but continued strong protection against COVID-19–associated hospitalization and death. Impact of Delta Variant: As the Delta variant became predominant, the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among not fully vaccinated persons compared to fully - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Achieving and Sustaining Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2020 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);406–411](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-achieving-and-sustaining-maternal-and-neonatal-tetanus-elimination-worldwide-2000-2020-march-18-2022-7111406-411/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reduction in Cases: From 2000 to 2020, reported neonatal tetanus cases decreased by 88%, and estimated deaths declined by 92% globally. Progress in Elimination: 47 out of 59 priority countries achieved maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE) by December 2020. Challenges Remain: 12 countries have not achieved MNTE due to conflict, - [MMWR Booster for: Longitudinal Trends in Body Mass Index Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Persons Aged 2–19 Years — United States, 2018–2020 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1278–1283](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-longitudinal-trends-in-body-mass-index-before-and-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-among-persons-aged-2-19-years-united-states-2018-2020-september-17-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased BMI Rates: The rate of BMI increase nearly doubled during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the prepandemic period. Higher Impact on Overweight and Obese: Persons aged 2–19 years with overweight or obesity experienced significantly higher rates of BMI increase during the pandemic. Age-Specific Trends: Children aged 6–11 years experienced the largest - [The Role of Epistemic Trust in Vaccine Hesitancy and Conspiracy Thinking: Insights from New Research](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/the-role-of-epistemic-trust-in-vaccine-hesitancy-and-conspiracy-thinking-insights-from-new-research/) - The Role of Epistemic Trust in Vaccine Hesitancy and Conspiracy Thinking: Insights from New Research Understanding the psychological factors that shape belief systems, trust in information, and susceptibility to misinformation has never been more critical. A groundbreaking study published in PLOS Global Public Health investigates how epistemic trust—a person’s readiness to regard information as significant - [MMWR Booster for: Reported Cases of End-Stage Kidney Disease — United States, 2000–2019 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);412–415](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-reported-cases-of-end-stage-kidney-disease-united-states-2000-2019-march-18-2022-7111412-415/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in ESKD Cases: From 2000 to 2019, the number of incident ESKD cases in the U.S. increased by 41.8%, while the number of prevalent cases nearly doubled. Primary Causes: Diabetes and hypertension were the leading causes of ESKD, with diabetes accounting for 47% and hypertension 29% of new ESKD cases - [MMWR Booster for: Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — Long Beach, California, April 1–December 10, 2020 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1274–1277](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-post-acute-sequelae-of-sars-cov-2-infection-among-adults-aged-≥18-years-long-beach-california-april-1-december-10-2020-september-17-2021-70371274/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Long COVID: One third of participants reported at least one symptom 2 months after their positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Demographic Disparities: Higher odds of post-acute sequelae were observed among persons aged 40–54 years, females, and those with preexisting conditions. Racial/Ethnic Differences: Black participants had higher odds of reporting dyspnea and - [Emerging Study: The Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life Expectancy Across 24 Countries](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/emerging-study-the-indirect-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-life-expectancy-across-24-countries/) - Emerging Study: The Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life Expectancy Across 24 Countries Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped global health and international mortality in ways that extend far beyond direct fatalities from the virus. A comprehensive study whose manuscript has been accepted in PNAS Nexus investigates the pandemic's broader impacts on - [MMWR Booster for: QuickStats: Percentage* of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Who Have Difficulty Hearing Even When Using a Hearing Aid,† by Age Group — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2020§ / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);475](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-quickstats-percentage-of-adults-aged-≥18-years-who-have-difficulty-hearing-even-when-using-a-hearing-aid†-by-age-group-national-health-interview-survey/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Difficulty: In 2020, 12.3% of adults aged ≥18 years reported some difficulty hearing even when using a hearing aid, and 1.5% had a lot of difficulty or could not hear at all. Age Group 18-44: Among adults aged 18–44 years, 6.0% had some difficulty hearing, and 0.5% had a lot of - [MMWR Booster for: Disaggregating Data to Measure Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes and Guide Community Response — Hawaii, March 1, 2020–February 28, 2021 / September 17, 2021 / 70(37);1267–1273](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-disaggregating-data-to-measure-racial-disparities-in-covid-19-outcomes-and-guide-community-response-hawaii-march-1-2020-february-28-2021-september-17-2021-7/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disaggregated Data Reveals Disparities: Disaggregating COVID-19 data by specific racial subgroups in Hawaii highlighted significant disparities in case and mortality rates among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Asian populations. Pacific Islander Impact: Pacific Islander persons, who make up 5% of Hawaii’s population, accounted for 22% of COVID-19 cases and deaths, with the - [MMWR Booster for: Tobacco Product Use Among Adults — United States, 2020 / March 18, 2022 / 71(11);397–405](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-tobacco-product-use-among-adults-united-states-2020-march-18-2022-7111397-405/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Tobacco Use: In 2020, 19.0% of U.S. adults (47.1 million) used any tobacco product, with cigarettes being the most commonly used (12.5%). Decrease in Tobacco Use: From 2019 to 2020, the prevalence of overall tobacco product use, combustible tobacco product use, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and use of two or more tobacco - [MMWR Booster for: Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Infections Among Incarcerated Persons in a Federal Prison — Texas, July–August 2021 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1349–1354](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-outbreak-of-sars-cov-2-b-1-617-2-delta-variant-infections-among-incarcerated-persons-in-a-federal-prison-texas-july-august-2021-september-24-2021-7038134/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Attack Rate: 74% of incarcerated persons in two housing units were infected during the outbreak. Vaccination Impact: The attack rate was higher among unvaccinated persons (93%) compared to fully vaccinated persons (70%). Hospitalizations and Deaths: Three of the four hospitalizations and the only death occurred among unvaccinated persons. Vaccine Efficacy: The - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death — United States, March 2021–January 2022 / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);459–465](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-mrna-vaccination-in-preventing-covid-19-associated-invasive-mechanical-ventilation-and-death-united-states-march-2021-january-2022-march/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccine Effectiveness: Receiving 2 or 3 doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was associated with a 90% reduction in risk for COVID-19–associated invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or death. Omicron Period Protection: During the Omicron predominance period, the protection of 3 mRNA vaccine doses was 94%. Older and Immunocompromised Patients: Vaccinated patients - [MMWR Booster for: Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine in Persons Aged ≥16 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, September 2021 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1344–1348](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-in-persons-aged-≥16-years-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-september-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Full FDA Approval: The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, Comirnaty, received full FDA approval for use in persons aged ≥16 years on August 23, 2021. High Efficacy: Clinical trials showed 91.1% efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, 100% efficacy against COVID-19 hospitalization, and 83.3% efficacy against death attributed to COVID-19. Safety Monitoring: Postauthorization safety monitoring - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status — COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021–January 2022 / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);466–473](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-associated-hospitalizations-among-adults-during-sars-cov-2-delta-and-omicron-variant-predominance-by-race-ethnicity-and-vaccination-status-covid-net-14-s/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Hospitalization Rates During Omicron: Weekly COVID-19–associated hospitalization rates peaked at 38.4 per 100,000 adults during Omicron predominance, compared to 15.5 during Delta predominance. Impact of Vaccination Status: Unvaccinated adults were 12 times more likely to be hospitalized than those who received booster doses. Adults with only the primary series were three - [MMWR Booster for: Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions — United States, March–August 2021 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1337–1343](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-comparative-effectiveness-of-moderna-pfizer-biontech-and-janssen-johnson-johnson-vaccines-in-preventing-covid-19-hospitalizations-among-adults-without-immunocompromising-condit/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher VE for Moderna: The Moderna vaccine showed a higher vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 93% against COVID-19 hospitalizations compared to Pfizer-BioNTech's 88% and Janssen's 71%. Decline in Pfizer-BioNTech VE: Protection from the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine declined significantly after 120 days, dropping from 91% to 77%. Lower Antibody Levels for Janssen: Postvaccination antibody levels - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Homologous and Heterologous COVID-19 Booster Doses Following 1 Ad.26.COV2.S (Janssen [Johnson & Johnson]) Vaccine Dose Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults — VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021–March 2022 / April 1, 2022 / 71(13);495–502](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-homologous-and-heterologous-covid-19-booster-doses-following-1-ad-26-cov2-s-janssen-johnson-johnson-vaccine-dose-against-covid-19-associated-emergency/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) Variability: VE against COVID-19–associated emergency department/urgent care visits was 24% after 1 Janssen dose, 54% after 2 Janssen doses, 79% after 1 Janssen/1 mRNA dose, and 83% after 3 mRNA doses. Hospitalization Protection: VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalization was 31% after 1 Janssen dose, 67% after 2 Janssen doses, 78% - [MMWR Booster for: Decreased Incidence of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2017–2020 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1332–1336](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-decreased-incidence-of-infections-caused-by-pathogens-transmitted-commonly-through-food-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-foodborne-diseases-active-surveillance-network-10-u-s/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in Infections: The incidence of infections caused by enteric pathogens decreased by 26% in 2020 compared to 2017–2019. Impact of COVID-19 Interventions: Public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, such as stay-at-home orders and restaurant closures, likely contributed to the decrease in foodborne infections. Changes in Health Care-Seeking Behaviors: The - [MMWR Booster for: Lessons Learned from Programmatic Gains in HIV Service Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic — 41 PEPFAR-Supported Countries, 2020 / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);447–452](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-lessons-learned-from-programmatic-gains-in-hiv-service-delivery-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-41-pepfar-supported-countries-2020-march-25-2022-7112447-452/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Gains in HIV Services: Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, PEPFAR-supported countries saw a 5% increase in HIV treatment and a 2% increase in viral load suppression in 2020. Effective Strategies: Key strategies included enhanced index testing, community- and home-based testing, multimonth dispensing of medications, streamlined clinic visits, and improved data use. Public - [MMWR Booster for: Nonvoluntary or Forced Sex Among Women, by Sexual Identity, Attraction, and Behavior — National Survey of Family Growth, United States, 2011–2017 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1326–1331](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-nonvoluntary-or-forced-sex-among-women-by-sexual-identity-attraction-and-behavior-national-survey-of-family-growth-united-states-2011-2017-september-24-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Prevalence Among Sexual Minority Women: Sexual minority women, including those identifying as bisexual or lesbian, report significantly higher rates of nonvoluntary or forced sex compared to sexual majority women. Younger Age of First Experience: Sexual minority women experience their first nonvoluntary or forced sex at younger ages than sexual majority women, - [MMWR Booster for: Health Needs and Use of Services Among Children with Developmental Disabilities — United States, 2014–2018 / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);453–458](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-health-needs-and-use-of-services-among-children-with-developmental-disabilities-united-states-2014-2018-march-25-2022-7112453-458/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Developmental Disabilities: Approximately 17.3% of U.S. children and adolescents aged 3–17 years had developmental disabilities (DDs) during 2014–2018. Increased Health Service Use: Children with DDs were significantly more likely to take prescription medication, see mental health professionals, medical specialists, or special therapists, and receive special education or early intervention services - [MMWR Booster for: Increasing Access to HIV Testing Through Direct-to-Consumer HIV Self-Test Distribution — United States, March 31, 2020–March 30, 2021 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1322–1325](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-increasing-access-to-hiv-testing-through-direct-to-consumer-hiv-self-test-distribution-united-states-march-31-2020-march-30-2021-september-24-2021-703813/) - Top 5 Takeaways Program Launch: TakeMeHome, a public-private partnership, was launched in March 2020 to distribute HIV self-test kits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Target Audience: The program primarily targeted gay, bisexual, and men who have sex with men (MSM), with a significant portion of participants having never tested for HIV before. Program Reach: Seventeen state - [MMWR Booster for: Tuberculosis — United States, 2021 / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);441–446](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-tuberculosis-united-states-2021-march-25-2022-7112441-446/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in TB Incidence: Reported TB incidence increased by 9.4% in 2021 compared to 2020, but it remained lower than the pre-pandemic levels of 2019. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: The sharp decline in TB cases in 2020 was likely due to factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including delayed or missed diagnoses - [MMWR Booster for: Short Sleep Duration Among Infants, Children, and Adolescents Aged 4 Months–17 Years — United States, 2016–2018 / September 24, 2021 / 70(38);1315–1321](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-short-sleep-duration-among-infants-children-and-adolescents-aged-4-months-17-years-united-states-2016-2018-september-24-2021-70381315-132/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Short Sleep Duration: 34.9% of persons aged 4 months–17 years slept less than the recommended duration for their age. Age and Sleep Duration: The prevalence of short sleep duration was highest among infants aged 4–11 months (40.3%) and lowest among adolescents aged 13–17 years (31.2%). Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities: - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Outbreak at a Child Care Center — Oregon, August 2021 / April 8, 2022 / 71(14);527](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-enteropathogenic-escherichia-coli-outbreak-at-a-child-care-center-oregon-august-2021-april-8-2022-7114527/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Detection: The Oregon Health Authority Public Health Division (OPHD) identified an outbreak of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in a child care center in August 2021. Initial Cases: Two pediatric cases from the same household tested positive for Shiga toxin, with E. coli O157:H7 isolated from stool cultures. Investigation: OPHD conducted case - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: E-Cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students — National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1387–1389](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-e-cigarette-use-among-middle-and-high-school-students-national-youth-tobacco-survey-united-states-2021-october-1-2021-70391387-1389/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Use: In 2021, 11.3% of high school students and 2.8% of middle school students reported current e-cigarette use. Frequency of Use: Among current users, 43.6% of high school students and 17.2% of middle school students used e-cigarettes on 20 or more of the past 30 days. Device Preferences: Disposable e-cigarettes - [MMWR Booster for: Use of At-Home COVID-19 Tests — United States, August 23, 2021–March 12, 2022 / April 1, 2022 / 71(13);489–494](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-at-home-covid-19-tests-united-states-august-23-2021-march-12-2022-april-1-2022-7113489-494/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Use: At-home COVID-19 test use in the U.S. significantly increased from the Delta to Omicron variant periods. Demographic Disparities: Lower at-home test use was observed among Black individuals, those aged ≥75 years, lower-income households, and those with a high school education or less. Common Reasons: The primary reasons for using at-home - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Deaths Related to Hurricane Ida Reported by Media — Nine States, August 29–September 9, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1385–1386](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-deaths-related-to-hurricane-ida-reported-by-media-nine-states-august-29-september-9-2021-october-1-2021-70391385-1386/) - Top 5 Takeaways Hurricane Ida Impact: Hurricane Ida caused significant damage and power outages, affecting approximately one million homes and businesses along the U.S. Gulf Coast. Death Toll: As of September 9, 2021, media reported 91 deaths across nine states, with the majority (61.5%) occurring in the Northeast. Causes of Death: The leading cause of - [MMWR Booster for: Notes From the Field: Xylazine-Related Deaths — Cook County, Illinois, 2017–2021 / April 1, 2022 / 71(13);503–504](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-xylazine-related-deaths-cook-county-illinois-2017-2021-april-1-2022-7113503-504/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rising Incidence: Xylazine-associated deaths in Cook County, Illinois, increased from January 2017 to October 2021, peaking in October 2021. Fentanyl Co-occurrence: 99.1% of xylazine-involved deaths also involved fentanyl or fentanyl analogs. Common Co-occurring Substances: Other substances frequently found in xylazine-related deaths included diphenhydramine (78.1%), cocaine (41.9%), and quinine (33.8%). Naloxone Detection: Naloxone - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of an Additional Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, August 12–September 19, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1379–1384](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-an-additional-dose-of-covid-19-vaccine-united-states-august-12-september-19-2021-october-1-2021-70391379-1384/) - Top 5 Takeaways FDA Authorization: The FDA authorized an additional dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines for immunocompromised individuals and later for those aged ≥65 years, at high risk, or with high exposure risk. V-safe Monitoring: The CDC's v-safe platform was updated to track adverse reactions to additional doses, with 22,191 registrants reporting during the - [MMWR Booster for: Universal Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults Aged 19–59 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 / April 1, 2022 / 71(13);477–483](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-universal-hepatitis-b-vaccination-in-adults-aged-19-59-years-updated-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-2022-apri/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expanded Vaccination Recommendation: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) now recommends universal Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination for all adults aged 19–59 years. Removal of Risk Factor Screening: The new recommendation eliminates the need for risk factor screening and disclosure, aiming to increase vaccination coverage. Current HepB Vaccination Coverage: As of 2018, - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric COVID-19 Cases in Counties With and Without School Mask Requirements — United States, July 1–September 4, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1377–1378](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-covid-19-cases-in-counties-with-and-without-school-mask-requirements-united-states-july-1-september-4-2021-october-1-2021-70391377-1378/) - Top 5 Takeaways Mask Requirements Impact: Counties with school mask requirements had significantly lower increases in pediatric COVID-19 case rates compared to those without mask mandates. Statistical Significance: The difference in case rates between counties with and without mask mandates was statistically significant (p - [MMWR Booster for: Assessment of Epidemiology Capacity in State Health Departments — United States, 2021 / April 1, 2022 / 71(13);484–488](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-assessment-of-epidemiology-capacity-in-state-health-departments-united-states-2021-april-1-2022-7113484-488/) - Top 5 Takeaways Workforce Increase: From 2017 to 2021, the number of epidemiologists in state health departments increased by 23%, primarily due to the COVID-19 response. Funding Reliance: Federal funding supports 85% of epidemiology activities and 83% of personnel, with a significant portion designated for COVID-19 response. Capacity Decline: Despite the increase in workforce, overall - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19–Related School Closures and Learning Modality Changes — United States, August 1–September 17, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1374–1376](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-related-school-closures-and-learning-modality-changes-united-states-august-1-september-17-2021-october-1-2021-70391374-1376/) - Top 5 Takeaways High In-Person Learning Rates: As of September 17, 2021, 96% of school districts were offering full in-person learning. Regional Variations in Remote Learning: The largest number of districts with full remote learning were in the West Census Region. COVID-19 Related Closures: There were 248 districtwide and 384 individual school closures due to - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection in 10 Persons Within 90 Days of Previous SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Infection — Four States, October 2021–January 2022 / April 8, 2022 / 71(14);524–526](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-sars-cov-2-omicron-variant-infection-in-10-persons-within-90-days-of-previous-sars-cov-2-delta-variant-infection-four-states-october-2021-jan/) - Top 5 Takeaways Early Reinfections Identified: Ten patients from four states had confirmed Omicron variant infections within 90 days of a previous Delta infection. Age and Demographics: The median age at first infection was 11 years, with eight patients under 18 years old, one long-term care facility resident, and one healthcare worker. Vaccination Status: Only - [MMWR Booster for: Association Between K–12 School Mask Policies and School-Associated COVID-19 Outbreaks — Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, July–August 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1372–1373](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-association-between-k-12-school-mask-policies-and-school-associated-covid-19-outbreaks-maricopa-and-pima-counties-arizona-july-august-2021-october-1-20/) - Top 5 Takeaways Universal Masking Recommendation: CDC recommends universal indoor masking in K–12 schools to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, regardless of vaccination status. Study Context: The study evaluated the association between school mask policies and COVID-19 outbreaks in K–12 public noncharter schools in Maricopa and Pima Counties, Arizona, during July 15–August 31, 2021. Outbreak Definition: A - [Advancing Care for Transgender Adolescents: France's First Endocrine Consensus Guidelines](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/advancing-care-for-transgender-adolescents-frances-first-endocrine-consensus-guidelines/) - Advancing Care for Transgender Adolescents: France's First Endocrine Consensus Guidelines Introduction Transgender adolescents face unique health challenges that demand a multidisciplinary and compassionate approach. Recognizing this, the French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SFEDP) has developed its first-ever consensus guidelines to address the endocrine needs of transgender minors. These groundbreaking recommendations provide a robust - [MMWR Booster for: Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination — PCORnet, United States, January 2021–January 2022 / April 8, 2022 / 71(14);517-523](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-cardiac-complications-after-sars-cov-2-infection-and-mrna-covid-19-vaccination-pcornet-united-states-january-2021-january-2022-april-8-2022-7114517-523/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Risk After Infection: The risk for cardiac complications, including myocarditis and pericarditis, was significantly higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination across all age groups and sexes. Age and Sex Variations: Males aged 12–17 years had the highest incidence of cardiac complications after the second vaccine dose, but - [MMWR Booster for: Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Status, Intent, and Perceived Access for Noninstitutionalized Adults, by Disability Status — National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module, United States, May 30–June 26, 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1365–1371](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-disparities-in-covid-19-vaccination-status-intent-and-perceived-access-for-noninstitutionalized-adults-by-disability-status-national-immunization-survey-adult-covid-modu/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower Vaccination Rates: Adults with disabilities were less likely to have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine compared to those without disabilities. Higher Vaccination Intent: Despite lower vaccination rates, adults with disabilities were more likely to express definite intent to get vaccinated. Perceived Barriers: Unvaccinated adults with disabilities reported - [MMWR Booster for: Monkeypox in a Traveler Returning from Nigeria — Dallas, Texas, July 2021 / April 8, 2022 / 71(14);509–516](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monkeypox-in-a-traveler-returning-from-nigeria-dallas-texas-july-2021-april-8-2022-7114509-516/) - Top 5 Takeaways First U.S. Case Since 2017 Outbreak: In July 2021, a U.S. resident returning from Nigeria was diagnosed with Monkeypox, marking the first travel-associated case in the U.S. since the 2017 outbreak in Nigeria. Extensive Public Health Response: The investigation involved identifying and monitoring 223 contacts, disinfecting potentially contaminated surfaces, and ensuring no - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2020–July 2021 / October 1, 2021 / 70(39);1359–1364](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-poliomyelitis-eradication-pakistan-january-2020-july-2021-october-1-2021-70391359-1364/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reduction in WPV1 Cases: Pakistan reported an 84% reduction in WPV1 cases from 2019 to 2021, with only one case reported in 2021 as of August 25. Challenges with cVDPV2: The number of cVDPV2 cases surged in 2020 but showed a significant decline in 2021 due to large-scale immunization activities. Impact - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Wound Botulism Outbreak Among a Group of Persons Who Inject Drugs — Dallas, Texas, 2020 / April 15, 2022 / 71(15);556–557](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-wound-botulism-outbreak-among-a-group-of-persons-who-inject-drugs-dallas-texas-2020-april-15-2022-7115556-557/) - Top 5 Takeaways Initial Case Identification: The outbreak was first identified when a 33-year-old male experiencing homelessness was hospitalized with severe symptoms including bilateral ptosis, extremity weakness, and respiratory failure. Botulism Confirmation: Botulism neurotoxin types A and B were detected in the serum of the initial patient and subsequent patients, confirming the diagnosis. Drug Use - [MMWR Booster for: National and State Trends in Anxiety and Depression Severity Scores Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, 2020–2021 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1427–1432](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-national-and-state-trends-in-anxiety-and-depression-severity-scores-among-adults-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-2020-2021-october-8-2021-704014/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Anxiety and Depression: Nationally, anxiety and depression severity scores increased significantly from August to December 2020, peaking in December 2020–January 2021. Subsequent Decrease: Both anxiety and depression severity scores decreased from December 2020 to June 2021 but remained elevated compared to pre-pandemic levels. State-Specific Trends: State-specific trends generally mirrored national trends, - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: Sampling Methods and Sample Size Calculation](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-inferential-statistics-sampling-methods-and-sample-size-calculation/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Inferential Statistics: Sampling Methods and Sample Size Calculation In this tutorial, we will explore two key concepts in inferential statistics: sampling methods and sample size calculation. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to represent the whole population, while sample size - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Data Visualization](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-descriptive-statistics-data-visualization/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Data Visualization (Charts, Graphs, Histograms) In this tutorial, we will explore the use of data visualization techniques, including charts, graphs, and histograms, to present and interpret data effectively. Visualizing data allows public health professionals to understand patterns, trends, and distributions within datasets and to communicate findings - [New Study on Reducing Norovirus Transmission in Airports: New Insights on Effective Prevention Measures](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/new-study-on-reducing-norovirus-transmission-in-airports-new-insights-on-effective-prevention-measures/) - New Study on Reducing Norovirus Transmission in Airports: New Insights on Effective Prevention Measures Introduction Airports, as critical hubs of global connectivity, are hotspots for infectious disease transmission. Among these diseases, norovirus, known for its high infectivity and persistence on surfaces, poses significant challenges to public health. A new study published in PLOS Computational Biology - [New Study on Childhood Lead Exposure and Its Role in Psychopathology: A 75-Year Perspective](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/new-study-on-childhood-lead-exposure-and-its-role-in-psychopathology-a-75-year-perspective/) - New Study on Childhood Lead Exposure and Its Role in Psychopathology: A 75-Year Perspective Introduction Childhood lead exposure has long been recognized as a public health crisis with far-reaching implications. A newly published study in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry delves into its impact on mental health, examining data spanning 75 years - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Adults with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection — United States, June 2021–February 2022 / April 15, 2022 / 71(15);549-555](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccination-in-preventing-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-among-adults-with-previous-sars-cov-2-infection-united-states-june-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines provided significant protection against hospitalization in adults with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, with effectiveness higher after a booster dose. Omicron vs. Delta: Vaccine effectiveness was lower during the Omicron-predominant period compared to the Delta-predominant period, but a booster dose significantly improved protection. Booster Dose Benefits: A booster dose - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Outbreaks at Youth Summer Camps — Louisiana, June–July 2021 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1425–1426](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-outbreaks-at-youth-summer-camps-louisiana-june-july-2021-october-8-2021-70401425-1426/) - Top 5 Takeaways Delta Variant Predominance: The highly transmissible Delta variant became the predominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Louisiana starting the week of June 20, 2021. Significant Increase in Outbreaks: There were 28 camp outbreaks with 321 COVID-19 cases among approximately 2,988 campers and staff, a thirty-one-fold increase compared to the same period in 2020. Vaccination - [ New Study on Impact of Air Pollution on Fertilization and Embryo Quality](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/new-study-on-impact-of-air-pollution-on-fertilization-and-embryo-quality/) - New Study on Impact of Air Pollution on Fertilization and Embryo Quality Introduction Air pollution's extensive health effects are well-documented, but its impact on fertility outcomes, particularly during in vitro fertilization (IVF), remains an emerging area of investigation. A new study published in Environment International sheds light on how exposure to various air pollutants - [Reactogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccines in Young Children: Generally Mild in CDC Study](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/reactogenicity-of-covid-19-vaccines-in-young-children-generally-mild-in-cdc-study/) - Reactogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccines in Young Children: Generally Mild in CDC Study Introduction: The Need for Evidence on Pediatric COVID-19 Vaccination Reactions The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped public health discourse worldwide, with vaccination being a cornerstone in controlling the virus's spread, but also a main touch point for countless conspiracy theroies. Data on the reactogenicity (common - [MMWR Booster for: Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, 2020–2021 / April 15, 2022 / 71(15);538–544](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-surveillance-to-track-progress-toward-polio-eradication-worldwide-2020-2021-april-15-2022-7115538-544/) - Top 5 Takeaways Improved Surveillance: National AFP surveillance performance improved from 2020 to 2021 in many priority countries, especially in the WHO African Region. Persistent Gaps: Despite improvements, substantial national and subnational surveillance gaps remain, hindering timely detection of poliovirus circulation. Environmental Surveillance: Environmental surveillance detected cVDPV2 before confirmed AFP cases in several countries, highlighting - [MMWR Booster for: Multicomponent Strategies to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission — Nine Overnight Youth Summer Camps, United States, June–August 2021 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1420–1424](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-multicomponent-strategies-to-prevent-sars-cov-2-transmission-nine-overnight-youth-summer-camps-united-states-june-august-2021-october-8-2021-70401420/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccination Coverage: 93% of eligible persons aged ≥12 years were vaccinated, contributing significantly to the prevention of COVID-19 spread. Effective Screening Testing: 38,059 tests were conducted, identifying six confirmed COVID-19 cases through screening and three additional cases based on symptoms. Multicomponent Prevention Strategies: Strategies included vaccination, testing, podding, masking, physical distancing, - [PyFriday Tutorial: Text Data Types in NLP](https://www.broadlyepi.com/python/pyfriday-tutorial-text-data-types-in-nlp/) - PyFriday Tutorial: Text Data Types in NLP Welcome to PyFriday! If this is your first time exploring Natural Language Processing (NLP), you’re in the right place. NLP is all about teaching computers to understand, interpret, and interact with human language. To do that effectively, we use various text data types to represent and process text. - [MMWR Booster for: Translocation of an Anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) Infected with Rabies from Virginia to Tennessee Resulting in Multiple Human Exposures, 2021 / April 15, 2022 / 71(15);533–537](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-translocation-of-an-anteater-tamandua-tetradactyla-infected-with-rabies-from-virginia-to-tennessee-resulting-in-multiple-human-exposures-2021-april-15-2022-7115533/) - Top 5 Takeaways First Rabies Case in Tamanduas: Rabies virus had not previously been reported in tamanduas, making this a novel case. Human Exposures and rPEP: Thirteen individuals received postexposure prophylaxis (rPEP) after exposure to the rabies-infected tamandua. Source of Infection: The tamandua was likely exposed to rabies through wild raccoons at the Virginia zoo. - [MMWR Booster for: Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in a Large Integrated Health Care System — California, March–July 2021 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1415–1419](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-distribution-of-sars-cov-2-variants-in-a-large-integrated-health-care-system-california-march-july-2021-october-8-2021-70401415-1419/) - Top 5 Takeaways Delta Variant Dominance: The Delta variant rapidly increased to 95% of all infections from April 15–July 21, 2021, becoming the predominant variant. Vaccination Status and Variant Distribution: The weekly percentage of variants was similar among fully vaccinated and unvaccinated persons, but the Delta variant was more commonly identified among vaccinated persons overall. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-descriptive-statistics-measures-of-dispersion/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion (Range, Variance, Standard Deviation) In this tutorial, we will explore the key measures of dispersion used in descriptive statistics: range, variance, and standard deviation. These measures help describe the spread or variability of data in a dataset. By the end of this tutorial, - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-biostatistics-descriptive-statistics-measures-of-central-tendency/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Biostatistics – Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) In this tutorial, we will explore the three primary measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and mode. These statistical tools are used to summarize data by identifying a central point or typical value in a dataset. By the - [Community Experts Issue 2: Grace R.’s Journey with Polio – A Personal and Public Health Perspective](https://www.broadlyepi.com/community-experts/community-experts-issue-2-grace-r-s-journey-with-polio-a-personal-and-public-health-perspective/) - Community Experts Issue 2: Grace R.’s Journey with Polio – A Personal and Public Health Perspective Polio has shaped the lives of millions, leaving behind lasting physical and systemic effects, but also sparking a global effort toward its eradication. In this issue of Community Experts, Grace R., a young polio survivor, shares her unfiltered story. - [MMWR Booster for: Vaccination Coverage with Selected Vaccines and Exemption Rates Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2020–21 School Year / April 22, 2022 / 71(16);561–568](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vaccination-coverage-with-selected-vaccines-and-exemption-rates-among-children-in-kindergarten-united-states-2020-21-school-year-april-22-2022-7116561/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccination Coverage Decline: Coverage for all required vaccines was approximately 94%, about one percentage point lower than the previous school year. Low Exemption Rates: The exemption rate remained low at 2.2% for the 2020–21 school year. COVID-19 Impact: The pandemic caused disruptions that reduced reported enrollment, school response rates, and documentation. State - [MMWR Booster for: Walking and Other Common Physical Activities Among Adults with Arthritis — United States, 2019 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1408–1414](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-walking-and-other-common-physical-activities-among-adults-with-arthritis-united-states-2019-october-8-2021-70401408-1414/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Physical Activity: In 2019, 67.2% of adults with arthritis engaged in nonwork-related physical activity, with walking being the most common activity (70.8%). Demographic Variations in Walking: Walking prevalence was higher among women, non-Hispanic Black adults, and those unable to work or disabled. It also increased with joint pain severity and - [PyFriday Tutorial: Creating Leaflet Maps in Python with Folium and GeoPandas](https://www.broadlyepi.com/python/pyfriday-tutorial-creating-leaflet-maps-in-python-with-folium-and-geopandas/) - PyFriday Tutorial: Creating Leaflet Maps in Python with Folium and GeoPandas Introduction Welcome to this PyFriday tutorial! Today, we're diving into a project where we'll use Python to create an interactive map that shows critical health infrastructure across the United States. Imagine you've been assigned a project to understand the distribution of two types of - [MMWR Booster for: Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5–11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020–February 2022 / April 22, 2022 / 71(16);574-581](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hospitalizations-of-children-aged-5-11-years-with-laboratory-confirmed-covid-19-covid-net-14-states-march-2020-february-2022-april-22-2022-7116574/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Hospitalization Rates Among Unvaccinated: During the Omicron predominance, hospitalization rates for unvaccinated children aged 5–11 were approximately twice as high as for vaccinated children. Significant Proportion of Unvaccinated Children: Non-Hispanic Black children represented the largest group of unvaccinated children and accounted for about one-third of hospitalizations. Severe Outcomes: 19% of hospitalized - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence of Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation — United States, 2016–2018 / October 8, 2021 / 70(40);1401–1407](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-of-arthritis-and-arthritis-attributable-activity-limitation-united-states-2016-2018-october-8-2021-70401401-1407/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Arthritis: An estimated 58.5 million U.S. adults (23.7%) reported having arthritis during 2016–2018. Significant Activity Limitation: Approximately 25.7 million adults with arthritis (43.9%) reported arthritis-attributable activity limitation (AAAL). Impact on Vulnerable Groups: Arthritis and AAAL prevalence were highest among adults with physical limitations, lower economic opportunities, and poor overall - [MMWR Booster for: Poisoning Associated with Consumption of a Homemade Medicinal Liquor — Chongqing, China, 2018 / April 22, 2022 / 71(16);569–573](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-poisoning-associated-with-consumption-of-a-homemade-medicinal-liquor-chongqing-china-2018-april-22-2022-7116569-573/) - Top 5 Takeaways Incident Overview: Fifteen cases of poisoning, including five deaths, were reported among attendees of a birthday luncheon in Chongqing, China, due to consumption of a homemade medicinal liquor containing toxic Aconitum alkaloids. Symptoms and Outcomes: Symptoms included numbness, vomiting, heart palpitations, and dizziness. All patients were hospitalized, with nine admitted to intensive - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Fatal Anthrax Pneumonia in Welders and Other Metalworkers Caused by Bacillus cereus Group Bacteria Containing Anthrax Toxin Genes — U.S. Gulf Coast States, 1994–2020 / October 15, 2021 / 70(41);1453–1454](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-fatal-anthrax-pneumonia-in-welders-and-other-metalworkers-caused-by-bacillus-cereus-group-bacteria-containing-anthrax-toxin-genes-u-s-gulf-coast-stat/) - Top 5 Takeaways Fatal Cases in Welders: Two cases of pneumonia in welders caused by Bacillus cereus group bacteria containing anthrax toxin genes were confirmed in 2020, one of which was fatal. High Mortality Rate: Among seven reported cases of pneumonia caused by these bacteria since 1994, five patients died, and two had critical illness - [Shaping Health Equity: The Impact of State-Level Policies on LGBTQ Health Outcomes Over Two Decades](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/shaping-health-equity-the-impact-of-state-level-policies-on-lgbtq-health-outcomes-over-two-decades/) - Shaping Health Equity: The Impact of State-Level Policies on LGBTQ Health Outcomes Over Two Decades State-level laws significantly influence LGBTQ health outcomes, as revealed by a comprehensive 20-year longitudinal study across the United States. Published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, new research highlights the critical role of policy environments in shaping health equity for - [Study Finds Potential Innovative Approaches to Addressing Long COVID Fatigue: Low-Dose Naltrexone and NAD+](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/study-finds-potential-innovative-approaches-to-addressing-long-covid-fatigue-low-dose-naltrexone-and-nad/) - Potential Innovative Approaches to Addressing Long COVID Fatigue: Low-Dose Naltrexone and NAD+ Introduction: Understanding Long COVID and Its Symptoms Long COVID, or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (PASC), has emerged as a significant public health concern, affecting individuals globally regardless of the severity of their initial infection. For many, the condition leads to debilitating symptoms - [MMWR Booster for: Public Health Actions to Control Measles Among Afghan Evacuees During Operation Allies Welcome — United States, September–November 2021 / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);592–596](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-public-health-actions-to-control-measles-among-afghan-evacuees-during-operation-allies-welcome-united-states-september-november-2021-april-29-2022-7117592/) - Top 5 Takeaways Measles Cases Among Evacuees: Forty-seven measles cases were reported among 72,299 Afghan evacuees, resulting in an attack rate of 0.065%. Mass Vaccination Campaign: A high-coverage mass vaccination campaign achieved 96% coverage with the MMR vaccine, crucial for limiting measles spread. Rapid Response: The coordinated response involved increased surveillance, case investigations, contact tracing, - [MMWR Booster for: Differences in State Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Deaths, by Principal Mechanism of Injury, Intent, and Percentage of Population Living in Rural Areas — United States, 2016–2018 / October 15, 2021 / 70(41);1447–1452](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-differences-in-state-traumatic-brain-injury-related-deaths-by-principal-mechanism-of-injury-intent-and-percentage-of-population-living-in-rural-areas-united-stat/) - Top 5 Takeaways High TBI-Related Death Rates in Rural Areas: States with higher percentages of rural residents had significantly higher rates of TBI-related deaths. Leading Cause of TBI-Related Deaths: Suicide was the leading cause of TBI-related deaths in 43 states. Geographic Variations: The lowest TBI-related death rates were in the Northeast, while the highest were - [MMWR Booster for: Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies — United States, September 2021–February 2022 / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);606-608](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-seroprevalence-of-infection-induced-sars-cov-2-antibodies-united-states-september-2021-february-2022-april-29-2022-7117606-608/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron Surge: The Omicron variant led to the highest recorded national COVID-19 case rates in the U.S. during December 2021. Seroprevalence Increase: Overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the U.S. increased significantly from 33.5% in December 2021 to 57.7% in February 2022. Age Group Differences: Children aged 0–11 years and adolescents aged - [MMWR Booster for: Provisional COVID-19 Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity — United States, 2020–2021 / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);601-605](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-provisional-covid-19-age-adjusted-death-rates-by-race-and-ethnicity-united-states-2020-2021-april-29-2022-7117601-605/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in Disparities: From 2020 to 2021, disparities in age-adjusted death rates (AADR) from COVID-19 decreased significantly by 14.0%–40.2% for most racial and ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic White Persons: This group accounted for 59.6%–65.2% of all COVID-19 decedents, showing a significant reduction in AADR disparities. Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Persons: - [MMWR Booster for: Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2019 and 2020 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);306–312](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-changes-in-suicide-rates-united-states-2019-and-2020-february-25-2022-718306-312/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Decline: From 2019 to 2020, the overall suicide rate in the United States declined by 3%, with significant reductions among both females (8%) and males (2%). Demographic Disparities: Despite the overall decline, suicide rates increased among certain demographics, including persons aged 25–34 years, Hispanic males, and non-Hispanic multiracial females. Geographic Variations: - [MMWR Booster for: Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born in 2017 and 2018 — National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2018–2020 / October 15, 2021 / 70(41);1435–1440](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vaccination-coverage-by-age-24-months-among-children-born-in-2017-and-2018-national-immunization-survey-child-united-states-2018-2020-october-15-2021-7041/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Coverage for Most Vaccines: Coverage exceeded 90% for ≥3 doses of poliovirus vaccine, ≥3 doses of HepB, ≥1 dose of MMR, and ≥1 dose of VAR among children born in 2017 and 2018. Lowest Coverage for Influenza Vaccine: The lowest coverage was for ≥2 doses of influenza vaccine at 60.6%, although - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Response to Measles Among Persons Evacuated from Afghanistan — Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey, August–October 2021 / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);609–610](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-response-to-measles-among-persons-evacuated-from-afghanistan-joint-base-mcguire-dix-lakehurst-new-jersey-august-october-2021-april-29-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Operation Allies Welcome (OAW): Initiated on August 29, 2021, to resettle eligible persons from Afghanistan, with evacuees housed at U.S. military bases. First Measles Case: Reported on September 4, 2021, at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, with subsequent cases identified across multiple sites. Mass Vaccination Campaign: Conducted from September 8-12, 2021, at Joint Base - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Pediatric HIV Outbreak in Ratodero, Pakistan — April 2019–April 2020 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1489–1490](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-pediatric-hiv-outbreak-in-ratodero-pakistan-april-2019-april-2020-october-22-2021-70421489-1490/) - Top 5 Takeaways Initial Detection: In April 2019, 14 children under 10 years old were diagnosed with HIV in Ratodero, Pakistan, prompting an investigation by the Sindh AIDS Control Program (SACP). Widespread Testing: By May 18, 2019, 16,856 individuals were tested, revealing 571 new HIV cases, with 81% of these cases in children and adolescents - [Community Experts Issue 1: Navigating POTS and Long COVID – Morgie’s Story](https://www.broadlyepi.com/community-experts/community-experts-issue-1-navigating-pots-and-long-covid-morgies-story/) - This article was written in collaboration and using interview material from Morgie Bee. All edits, additions or modifications were minimal in nature and approved by Morgie prior to publishing, to ensure their voice was front and center. Alongside here, you can find Morgie on BlueSky at @morgiebeeva.bsky.social , sewing absolute chaos on their Twitch Channel - [Same Country, Different Worlds: Understanding the Ten Americas - Life Expectancy Inequalities in the USA](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/same-country-different-worlds-understanding-the-ten-americas-life-expectancy-inequalities-in-the-usa/) - Same Country, Different Worlds: Understanding the Ten Americas - Life Expectancy Inequalities in the USA Introduction A recent study published in The Lancet titled "Ten Americas: A Systematic Analysis of Life Expectancy Disparities in the USA" revisits and expands the seminal "Eight Americas" framework to examine life expectancy trends from 2000 to 2021. Researchers Laura - [MMWR Booster for: Provisional Mortality Data — United States, 2021 / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);597-600](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-provisional-mortality-data-united-states-2021-april-29-2022-7117597-600/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in Death Rate: The overall age-adjusted death rate (AADR) in the U.S. increased by 0.7% from 2020 to 2021. COVID-19 Impact: COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death for the second consecutive year, responsible for approximately 460,513 deaths. Demographic Disparities: Death rates were highest among non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA Vaccination Against COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Persons Aged 12–18 Years — United States, June–September 2021 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1483–1488](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-pfizer-biontech-mrna-vaccination-against-covid-19-hospitalization-among-persons-aged-12-18-years-united-states-june-september-2021-octob/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccine Effectiveness: The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine demonstrated 93% effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalization among adolescents aged 12–18 years. Predominant Delta Variant: The study was conducted during the period when the Delta variant was predominant. Critical Illness in Unvaccinated: All critically ill patients requiring life support were unvaccinated, highlighting the importance of vaccination. Real-World - [Inescapable AI: Public Health, Justice, and Algorithmic Accountability](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/inescapable-ai-public-health-justice-and-algorithmic-accountability/) - Inescapable AI: Public Health, Justice, and Algorithmic Accountability Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping critical systems like healthcare, housing, employment, and education, profoundly affecting low-income and marginalized populations. While AI holds immense promise, its unchecked application perpetuates systemic inequities and creates significant public health challenges. This article examines these dynamics, illustrating the far-reaching implications and offering - [MMWR Booster for: Temporal Trends in Dietary Sodium Intake Among Adults Aged ≥19 Years — United States, 2003–2016 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1478–1482](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-temporal-trends-in-dietary-sodium-intake-among-adults-aged-≥19-years-united-states-2003-2016-october-22-2021-70421478-1482/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Sodium Intake Prevalence: During 2003–2016, ≥86% of U.S. adults consumed sodium above the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake of 2,300 mg/day. Unadjusted Sodium Intake Trends: No significant linear trend was observed in unadjusted mean usual sodium intake among U.S. adults from 2003 to 2016. Energy-Adjusted Sodium Intake: Significant changes in - [MMWR Booster for: Mycobacterium porcinum Skin and Soft Tissue Infections After Vaccinations — Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, September 2018–February 2019 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1472–1477](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-mycobacterium-porcinum-skin-and-soft-tissue-infections-after-vaccinations-indiana-kentucky-and-ohio-september-2018-february-2019-october-22-2021-70421472/) - Top 5 Takeaways Improper Vaccine Handling: Inadequate vaccine storage, handling, and administration by untrained personnel led to injection-site infections and other adverse events. Multistate Investigation: The investigation identified 101 patients with vaccination-associated adverse events, including 30 with confirmed nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. Common Source Contamination: Contamination likely occurred during syringe preparation, worsened by inappropriate storage and - [COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the U.S.: Trends and Implications](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-in-the-u-s-trends-and-implications/) - COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the U.S.: Trends and Implications A Pew Research Center survey published October 2024 reveals that 60% of Americans are unlikely to receive the updated COVID-19 vaccine for the 2024-25 season. Perhaps just as disturbing, lower numbers of Americans than ever have already prepared for the height of COVID season by getting - [MMWR Booster for: Self-Management Education Class Attendance and Health Care Provider Counseling for Physical Activity Among Adults with Arthritis — United States, 2019 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1466–1471](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-self-management-education-class-attendance-and-health-care-provider-counseling-for-physical-activity-among-adults-with-arthritis-united-states-2019-october-22-2021-70/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Attendance: In 2019, 16.2% of adults with arthritis attended a self-management class, an increase from 11.4% in 2014. Provider Counseling: 69.3% of adults with arthritis received counseling from health care providers to be physically active, up from 61.0% in 2014. State and Demographic Variations: Attendance and counseling rates varied significantly by - [MMWR Booster for: HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs — 23 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, United States, 2018 / October 22, 2021 / 70(42);1459–1465](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hiv-infection-and-hiv-associated-behaviors-among-persons-who-inject-drugs-23-metropolitan-statistical-areas-united-states-2018-october-22-2021-70421459-14/) - Top 5 Takeaways Unchanged HIV Prevalence: The estimated HIV prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in 23 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) remained at 7% in 2018, unchanged from 2015. Racial Disparities: HIV prevalence was higher among Black PWID (12%) compared to Hispanic (7%) and White (5%) PWID, despite Black PWID reporting fewer high-risk behaviors. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Causality: Causal Inference in Public Health Research](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-causality-causal-inference-in-public-health-research/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Causality: Causal Inference in Public Health Research In this tutorial, we will explore the concept of causal inference in public health research. Causal inference refers to the process of determining whether an observed association between an exposure and an outcome reflects a true causal relationship. This process is - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Causality: Association vs. Causation](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-causality-association-vs-causation/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Causality: Association vs. Causation In this tutorial, we will explore the critical distinction between association and causation in epidemiology. While association refers to a statistical relationship between two variables, causation means that one variable directly influences another. Understanding this difference is crucial for public health professionals, as it - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccination and Non–COVID-19 Mortality Risk — Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020–July 31, 2021 / October 29, 2021 / 70(43);1520–1524](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccination-and-non-covid-19-mortality-risk-seven-integrated-health-care-organizations-united-states-december-14-2020-july-31-2021-october-29/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower Non-COVID-19 Mortality: COVID-19 vaccine recipients had lower rates of non–COVID-19 mortality compared to unvaccinated persons. Adjusted Relative Risk: The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of non–COVID-19 mortality was significantly lower for recipients of Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen vaccines. Demographic Adjustments: The study adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and study site, - [MMWR Booster for: Severity of Disease Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Before and During the Period of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Predominance — COVID-NET, 14 States, January–August 2021 / ctober 29, 2021 / 70(43);1513–1519](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-severity-of-disease-among-adults-hospitalized-with-laboratory-confirmed-covid-19-before-and-during-the-period-of-sars-cov-2-b-1-617-2-delta-predominance-covid-net-14-sta/) - Top 5 Takeaways Delta Variant Predominance: The Delta variant became the predominant SARS-CoV-2 strain in the U.S. by mid-June 2021, leading to increased COVID-19-associated hospitalizations. Severity of Outcomes: No significant increase in severe outcomes (ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, in-hospital death) was observed among hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the Delta period compared to the pre-Delta period. - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Confounding Variables and Effect Modification](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-bias-and-confounding-confounding-variables-and-effect-modification/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Confounding Variables and Effect Modification In this tutorial, we will explore two critical concepts in epidemiology: confounding variables and effect modification. Confounding occurs when an outside factor distorts the relationship between an exposure and an outcome, while effect modification occurs when the effect of an - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Methods to Reduce Bias](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-bias-and-confounding-methods-to-reduce-bias/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Methods to Reduce Bias In this tutorial, we will explore the various methods to reduce bias in epidemiological studies. Bias can lead to systematic errors in the collection, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of data, which may result in incorrect conclusions. Reducing bias is critical to - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Types of Bias](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-bias-and-confounding-types-of-bias/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Bias and Confounding: Types of Bias (Selection, Information, Publication) In this tutorial, we will explore the different types of bias that can affect epidemiological studies: selection bias, information bias, and publication bias. Bias refers to systematic errors that can lead to incorrect conclusions about the relationship between exposures - [Improved UTI Management: Evidence-Based Strategies for Prevention and Public Health Action](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/improved-uti-management-evidence-based-strategies-for-prevention-and-public-health-action/) - Improved UTI Management: Evidence-Based Strategies for Prevention and Public Health Action Key Takeaways Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact millions annually, disproportionately affecting women and vulnerable populations. New guidelines highlight preventive strategies beyond antibiotics, promoting approaches like cranberry products, hydration, and topical estrogen. Challenges such as diagnostic variability and antimicrobial resistance demand urgent public health advocacy - [MMWR Booster for: Update of the Blood Lead Reference Value — United States, 2021 / October 29, 2021 / 70(43);1509–1512](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-update-of-the-blood-lead-reference-value-united-states-2021-october-29-2021-70431509-1512/) - Top 5 Takeaways New BLRV: The CDC updated the blood lead reference value (BLRV) to 3.5 μg/dL, down from 5 μg/dL, to better address lead exposure disparities in children. Health Implications: The updated BLRV allows for earlier medical and environmental interventions for children with BLLs between 3.5 and 5 μg/dL. Screening Recommendations: Public health and - [Decoding H5 Influenza: How Deep Mutational Scanning Advances Pandemic Preparedness](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/decoding-h5-influenza-how-deep-mutational-scanning-advances-pandemic-preparedness/) - Decoding H5 Influenza: How Deep Mutational Scanning Advances Pandemic Preparedness Key Takeaways H5 influenza viruses are considered potential pandemic threats due to their ability to evolve mutations that impact transmission and vaccine efficacy. Researchers used deep mutational scanning to map the effects of over 10,000 mutations in the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) protein on key viral - [MMWR Booster for: Current Marijuana Use and Alcohol Consumption Among Adults Following the Legalization of Nonmedical Retail Marijuana Sales — Colorado, 2015–2019 / October 29, 2021 / 70(43);1505–1508](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-current-marijuana-use-and-alcohol-consumption-among-adults-following-the-legalization-of-nonmedical-retail-marijuana-sales-colorado-2015-2019-october-29-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence Among Binge Drinkers: During 2015–2019, 34.4% of Colorado adults who binge drank also used marijuana, compared to 9.9% of nondrinkers. Age and Gender Differences: The prevalence of binge drinking was highest among adults aged 25–34 years and men, while marijuana use was highest among young adults aged 18–24 years and - [MMWR Booster for: Cake Decorating Luster Dust Associated with Toxic Metal Poisonings — Rhode Island and Missouri, 2018–2019 / October 29, 2021 / 70(43);1501–1504](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-cake-decorating-luster-dust-associated-with-toxic-metal-poisonings-rhode-island-and-missouri-2018-2019-october-29-2021-70431501-1504/) - Top 5 Takeaways Heavy Metal Poisonings: Investigations in Rhode Island and Missouri during 2018-2019 linked heavy metal poisonings to cakes decorated with luster dust containing high levels of copper, lead, and other metals. Misleading Labels: Products labeled as “nontoxic” or “for decorative purposes only” were found to be unsafe for consumption, leading to cases of - [Commercial Determinants of Noncommunicable Diseases in the WHO European Region: A Summary](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/commercial-determinants-of-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-who-european-region-a-summary/) - Commercial Determinants of Noncommunicable Diseases in the WHO European Region: A Summary Key Takeaways Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for 90% of deaths in the WHO European Region, with commercial determinants contributing to 7,500 deaths daily. Industries including tobacco, alcohol, processed foods, pharmaceutical monopolies and fossil fuels drive a significant proportion of these deaths through manipulative - [MMWR Booster for: Routine Vaccination Coverage — Worldwide, 2020 / October 29, 2021 / 70(43);1495–1500](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-routine-vaccination-coverage-worldwide-2020-october-29-2021-70431495-1500/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decline in Global Vaccination Coverage: In 2020, global coverage for DTP3 and Pol3 decreased to 83%, and MCV1 coverage decreased to 84%, marking a drop from 2019 levels. Increase in Zero-Dose Children: The number of zero-dose children, those who did not receive the first DTP dose, increased by 3.5 million from 2019, - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of 2-Dose Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among Immunocompromised Adults — Nine States, January–September 2021 / November 5, 2021 / 70(44);1553–1559](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-2-dose-vaccination-with-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalizations-among-immunocompromised-adults-nine-states-january/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower Vaccine Effectiveness: The effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was lower among immunocompromised adults (77%) compared to immunocompetent adults (90%). Variation Among Subgroups: Vaccine effectiveness varied significantly among different immunocompromised subgroups, ranging from 59% in organ or stem cell transplant recipients to 81% in those with rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders. - [MMWR Booster for: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendations for Additional Primary and Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines — United States, 2021 / November 5, 2021 / 70(44);1545–1552](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-interim-recommendations-for-additional-primary-and-booster-doses-of-covid-19-vaccines-united-states-2021-novemb/) - Top 5 Takeaways Additional Primary Dose for Immunocompromised: ACIP recommends an additional mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose for moderately to severely immunocompromised individuals. Booster Dose Recommendations: ACIP recommends a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose for specific groups, including those aged ≥65 years, residents of long-term care facilities, and individuals with certain underlying medical conditions. Booster Dose Eligibility: - [COVID-19 Vaccination Significantly Reduces Risk of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in California](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/covid-19-vaccination-significantly-reduces-risk-of-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-mis-c-in-california/) - COVID-19 Vaccination Significantly Reduces Risk of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in California Key Takeaways Vaccinated children in California had a notably lower risk of developing MIS-C, a rare but severe post-COVID complication. The incidence rate of MIS-C was 22.9 times higher among unvaccinated 12–17-year-olds and 3.3 times higher among unvaccinated 5–11-year-olds compared to - [MMWR Booster for: Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19–Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity — Nine States, January–September 2021 / November 5, 2021 / 70(44);1539–1544](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-laboratory-confirmed-covid-19-among-adults-hospitalized-with-covid-19-like-illness-with-infection-induced-or-mrna-vaccine-induced-sars-cov-2-immunity-nine-states-j/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Odds of COVID-19 in Previously Infected: Unvaccinated adults with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection had 5.49 times higher odds of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior infection. Vaccine-Induced Immunity More Protective: Among hospitalized adults, mRNA vaccine-induced immunity provided stronger protection against COVID-19 than infection-induced immunity. Importance of Vaccination: The findings - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Community Trials](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-community-trials/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Experimental Studies (Community Trials) In this tutorial, we will cover community trials, a type of experimental study design used in public health. Community trials are conducted at the community level rather than with individuals and are often used to evaluate the impact of public health interventions - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Randomized Controlled Trials](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-randomized-controlled-trials/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Experimental Studies (Randomized Controlled Trials) In this tutorial, we will explore randomized controlled trials (RCTs), a key type of experimental study design. RCTs are considered the gold standard for determining the effectiveness of interventions and are widely used in public health and clinical research. Understanding how - [MMWR Booster for: National Surveillance for Acute Flaccid Myelitis — United States, 2018–2020 / November 5, 2021 / 70(44);1534–1538](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-national-surveillance-for-acute-flaccid-myelitis-united-states-2018-2020-november-5-2021-70441534-1538/) - Top 5 Takeaways Biennial Peaks: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) cases peaked biennially in 2014, 2016, and 2018, but not in 2020. Case Characteristics: AFM cases in 2019-2020 involved older children and showed more lower limb involvement and less upper limb involvement, prodromal illness, and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis compared to 2018. Enterovirus D68 Detection: Enterovirus D68 - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis, January 2020–June 2021 / November 5, 2021 / 70(44);1527–1533](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-global-eradication-of-dracunculiasis-january-2020-june-2021-november-5-2021-70441527-1533/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reduction in Cases: Human cases of dracunculiasis decreased from 54 in 2019 to 27 in 2020, and further to five in the first half of 2021. Animal Infections: Animal infections, particularly in dogs, have become more prevalent, with 1,601 reported in 2020 and 443 in the first half of 2021. Geographic - [Addressing the Triple Burden: High Rates of HIV, Malnutrition, and NCDs in TB-Affected African Households Highlight Need for Integrated Care](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/addressing-the-triple-burden-high-rates-of-hiv-malnutrition-and-ncds-in-tb-affected-african-households-highlight-need-for-integrated-care/) - Addressing the Triple Burden: High Rates of HIV, Malnutrition, and NCDs in TB-Affected African Households Highlight Need for Integrated Care Key Takeaways High prevalence of HIV, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among tuberculosis-affected households in Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. One in two household members had at least one modifiable risk factor for tuberculosis, with a - [Objectification and Intimate Partner Violence by Young Men: A Study Summary](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/objectification-and-intimate-partner-violence-by-young-men-a-study-summary/) - Objectification and Intimate Partner Violence by Young Men: A Study Summary Key Takeaways Objectification, particularly associating women with objects, was linked to self-reported IPV behaviors among young men in relationships. Three studies identified significant associations between objectification and forms of aggression, though the exact mechanisms remain complex. Findings suggest objectification may reduce empathy, increasing tendencies - [Digital Mental Health Intervention for Syrian Refugees: Useful Tool or Work In Progress?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/digital-mental-health-intervention-for-syrian-refugees-useful-tool-or-work-in-progress/) - Assessing the Effectiveness of a Self-Guided Digital Mental Health Intervention for Syrian Refugees in Egypt Key Takeaways A digital mental health intervention (WHO’s Step-by-Step program) showed small, statistically significant improvements in reducing psychological distress and enhancing daily functioning for Syrian refugees in Egypt. Challenges in participant adherence, with a high dropout rate (63.2%), indicate areas - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Childhood Lead Poisoning Associated with Turmeric Spices — Las Vegas, 2019 / November 12, 2021 / 70(45);1584–1585](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-childhood-lead-poisoning-associated-with-turmeric-spices-las-vegas-2019-november-12-2021-70451584-1585/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Blood Lead Levels in Children: Two children, aged 2 years and 9 months, were found to have elevated blood lead levels (48 μg/dL and 11 μg/dL, respectively) during routine check-ups. Source of Lead Exposure: Lead contamination was traced to turmeric and rice seasoning spices purchased from a local market, with lead - [MMWR Booster for: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine in Children Aged 5–11 Years — United States, November 2021 / November 12, 2021 / 70(45);1579–1583](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-interim-recommendation-for-use-of-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-in-children-aged-5-11-years-united-stat/) - Top 5 Takeaways FDA Authorization: On October 29, 2021, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5–11 years. ACIP Recommendation: On November 2, 2021, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5–11 years after a systematic review of available data. - [MMWR Booster for: Influenza Vaccinations During the COVID-19 Pandemic — 11 U.S. Jurisdictions, September–December 2020 / November 12, 2021 / 70(45);1575–1578](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-influenza-vaccinations-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-11-u-s-jurisdictions-september-december-2020-november-12-2021-70451575-1578/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Increase in Vaccination: Influenza vaccine administration was 9.0% higher during September–December 2020 compared to the same period in 2018 and 2019. Decline in Vaccination Among Young Children: The number of influenza vaccine doses administered to children aged 6–23 months and 2–4 years decreased by 13.9% and 11.9%, respectively. Increase Among Adolescents - [MMWR Booster for: HIV Prevention Program Eligibility Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women — Namibia, 2019 / November 12, 2021 / 70(45);1570–1574](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hiv-prevention-program-eligibility-among-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-namibia-2019-november-12-2021-70451570-1574/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Eligibility for DREAMS: 62% of adolescent girls and young women in Namibia were eligible for the DREAMS program based on having one or more HIV risk factors. Common Risk Factors: Key risk factors included exposure to violence, early alcohol use, and infrequent condom use. Age-Specific Findings: The highest prevalence of eligibility - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Cross-Sectional Studies](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-cross-sectional-studies/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Analytical Studies (Cross-Sectional Studies) In this tutorial, we will focus on a commonly used study design in epidemiology: cross-sectional studies. Cross-sectional studies are useful for understanding the prevalence of diseases or health-related factors at a specific point in time. This design is occasionally used in public - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2020 / November 12, 2021 / 70(45);1563–1569](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-regional-measles-elimination-worldwide-2000-2020-november-12-2021-70451563-1569/) - Top 5 Takeaways Global Measles Incidence Trends: Measles incidence decreased globally from 2000 to 2016, increased from 2017 to 2019, and then decreased again in 2020. Impact of Measles Vaccination: Measles vaccination has prevented an estimated 31.7 million deaths worldwide since 2000. Surveillance Challenges: Measles surveillance worsened in 2020, with fewer specimens submitted for testing - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Acute Nonviral Hepatitis Linked to a Brand of Alkaline Bottled Water — Clark County, Nevada and California, 2020 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1617–1619](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-acute-nonviral-hepatitis-linked-to-a-brand-of-alkaline-bottled-water-clark-county-nevada-and-california-2020-november-19-2021-70461617/) - Top 5 Takeaways Cluster of Cases: Five children in Clark County, Nevada, were hospitalized with acute liver failure after consuming "Re2al Alkalized Water." Broader Impact: Eighteen probable and four suspected cases were identified in Nevada, and three probable cases in California. Symptoms and Severity: Common symptoms included fatigue, vomiting, and decreased appetite. All probable cases - [MMWR Booster for: Impact of Hospital Strain on Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, July 2020–July 2021 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1613–1616](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-impact-of-hospital-strain-on-excess-deaths-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-july-2020-july-2021-november-19-2021-70461613-1616/) - Top 5 Takeaways Hospital Strain and Excess Deaths: Intensive care unit (ICU) bed use at 75% capacity is associated with an estimated additional 12,000 excess deaths two weeks later, while exceeding 100% ICU bed capacity could result in 80,000 excess deaths. Impact of Delta Variant: The study period included the months during which the highly - [MMWR Booster for: Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospitalizations Because of COVID-19 Among Persons Aged ≥12 Years, by COVID-19 Vaccination Status — Oregon and Washington, July 4–September 25, 2021 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1608–1612](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-incidence-of-sars-cov-2-infection-emergency-department-visits-and-hospitalizations-because-of-covid-19-among-persons-aged-≥12-years-by-covid-19-vaccination-status/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Incidence in Unvaccinated: Unvaccinated individuals had a significantly higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (30.1 per 1,000) compared to fully vaccinated individuals (8.7 per 1,000). Increased Risk of Severe Outcomes: Unvaccinated persons were more than twice as likely to require emergency department care or hospitalization compared to vaccinated persons. Mortality Rates: The - [MMWR Booster for: Automated Digital Notification of COVID-19 Diagnoses Through Text and Email Messaging — North Carolina, December 2020–January 2021 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1603–1607](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-automated-digital-notification-of-covid-19-diagnoses-through-text-and-email-messaging-north-carolina-december-2020-january-2021-november-19-2021-70461603/) - Top 5 Takeaways Implementation of Digital Notification: North Carolina implemented an automated digital notification system on December 24, 2020, to notify COVID-19 positive patients via text and email. Increased Notification Speed: In January 2021, 56% of patients were notified within 24 hours, compared to 15% in the preceding month. Disparities in Notification: Differences in notification - [MMWR Booster for: Health Care Access and Use Among Adults with Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, February–March 2021 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1597–1602](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-health-care-access-and-use-among-adults-with-diabetes-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-february-march-2021-november-19-2021-70461597-1602/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disruption in Medical Care: Younger adults with diabetes (aged 18-29) reported the highest disruption in access to and use of medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination Intent: Younger adults with diabetes showed the least intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination compared to older age groups. Access to Diabetes Medications: 44% of younger - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence and Characteristics of Subjective Cognitive Decline Among Unpaid Caregivers Aged ≥45 Years — 22 States, 2015–2019 / November 19, 2021 / 70(46);1591–1596](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-and-characteristics-of-subjective-cognitive-decline-among-unpaid-caregivers-aged-≥45-years-22-states-2015-2019-november-19-2021-70461591/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of SCD Among Caregivers: Approximately 12.6% of unpaid caregivers aged ≥45 years reported subjective cognitive decline (SCD), compared to 10.2% of noncaregivers. Health and Demographic Correlations: Caregivers with SCD were more likely to be employed, men, aged 45–64 years, and have chronic health conditions. Impact on Care Quality: SCD among - [Physician Altruism and Patient Outcomes: A Public Health Perspective](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/2159/) - Physician Altruism and Patient Outcomes: A Public Health Perspective Introduction A recent study published in JAMA Health Forum by Dr. Lawrence P. Casalino and colleagues explores the impact of physician altruism on key patient outcomes, including healthcare spending, potentially preventable hospital admissions, and emergency department (ED) visits. This research sheds light on the importance of - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate Relative Risk in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/python/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-relative-risk-in-python/) - Introduction to Relative Risk Relative Risk (RR) is one of the most fundamental measures in public health, offering insights into the strength of association between an exposure (like smoking) and an outcome (such as lung cancer). Here, we'll quickly cover what Relative Risk is, and how to calculate it in Python. Understanding the Mathematical Concept - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Case-Control Studies](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-case-control-studies/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Analytical Studies (Case-Control Studies) In this tutorial, we will cover another key epidemiological study design: case-control studies. Case-control studies are widely used in public health research to explore associations between risk factors and disease outcomes. They are especially useful for studying rare diseases. By the end - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Cohort Studies](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-cohort-studies/) - Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Analytical Studies (Cohort Studies: Prospective and Retrospective) In this tutorial, we’ll explore a fundamental aspect of epidemiology: cohort studies, which fall under analytical studies. Specifically, we will discuss the two main types of cohort studies: prospective and retrospective. Understanding cohort studies is crucial for the Certified - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Testing for Nonprescribed Fentanyl and Percentage of Positive Test Results Among Patients with Opioid Use Disorder — United States, 2019–2020 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1649–1651](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-testing-for-nonprescribed-fentanyl-and-percentage-of-positive-test-results-among-patients-with-opioid-use-disorder-united-states-2019-2020/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in Synthetic Opioid Overdose Deaths: Overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids, primarily illicitly manufactured fentanyl, have increased approximately tenfold since 2013 and accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Testing Decline During Pandemic: The number of urine specimens tested for fentanyl among patients receiving and not receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) declined - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19–Associated Deaths After SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy — Mississippi, March 1, 2020–October 6, 2021 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1646–1648](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-associated-deaths-after-sars-cov-2-infection-during-pregnancy-mississippi-march-1-2020-october-6-2021-november-26-2021-70471646/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Risk: Pregnant and recently pregnant women are at higher risk for severe illness and death from COVID-19 compared to non-pregnant women. COVID-19–Associated Deaths: Mississippi reported 15 COVID-19–associated deaths among pregnant women from March 1, 2020, to October 6, 2021. Delta Variant Impact: The ratio of COVID-19–associated deaths per 1,000 SARS-CoV-2 infections - [How Toxic is Traditional Masculinity? A Public Health Perspective](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/how-toxic-is-traditional-masculinity-a-public-health-perspective/) - How Toxic is Traditional Masculinity? A Public Health Perspective Introduction We've certainly all heard the term "Toxic Masculinity" before, and likely have all heard jokes to the effect that masculinity doesn't allow for expression of one's wants or concerns. "Men don't cry or panic, we squash that all down and have a heart attack by - [How Self-Rated Health and Vaccine History Influence MPOX Vaccine Acceptance: A Study in Ghana](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/how-self-rated-health-and-vaccine-history-influence-mpox-vaccine-acceptance-a-study-in-ghana/) - How Self-Rated Health and Vaccine History Influence MPOX Vaccine Acceptance: A Study in Ghana The recent outbreak of monkeypox (MPOX) has highlighted the importance of understanding factors that drive vaccine acceptance, especially in high-risk regions. Ghana, designated as a high-risk country, faces the ongoing challenge of effectively managing infectious diseases within the framework of its - [MMWR Booster for: Risk for Stillbirth Among Women With and Without COVID-19 at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, March 2020–September 2021 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1640–1645](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-risk-for-stillbirth-among-women-with-and-without-covid-19-at-delivery-hospitalization-united-states-march-2020-september-2021-november-26-2021-70471640/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Risk for Stillbirth: Women with COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization had a higher risk of stillbirth compared to those without COVID-19 (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.90). Impact of Delta Variant: The association between COVID-19 and stillbirth was stronger during the Delta variant predominance period (aRR = 4.04) compared to the pre-Delta - [How COVID-19 Exacerbated Mental Health and Poverty: Insights from a Systematic Review](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/how-covid-19-exacerbated-mental-health-and-poverty-insights-from-a-systematic-review/) - How COVID-19 Exacerbated Mental Health and Poverty: Insights from a Systematic Review Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals living in poverty across high-income countries experienced intensified mental health challenges due to social isolation, economic instability, and restricted access to essential resources. In a systematic review and meta-aggregation led by Jessica Allen and colleagues published - [MMWR Booster for: Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Awareness of Preexposure Prophylaxis Among HIV-Negative Heterosexually Active Adults at Increased Risk for HIV Infection — 23 Urban Areas, United States, 2019 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1635–1639](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-racial-ethnic-and-gender-disparities-in-awareness-of-preexposure-prophylaxis-among-hiv-negative-heterosexually-active-adults-at-increased-risk-for-hiv-infection-23-urban/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low PrEP Awareness: Only 32.3% of heterosexually active adults in high HIV prevalence cities were aware of PrEP, and less than 1% used it. Disparities Among Hispanic Individuals: Awareness was particularly low among Hispanic men (19.5%) and women (17.6%), and even lower among residents of Puerto Rico (5.8%). Gender Differences: Men reported - [MMWR Booster for: Forced Sexual Initiation and Early Sexual Debut and Associated Risk Factors and Health Problems Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women — Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, Nine PEPFAR Countries, 2007–2018 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1629–1634](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-forced-sexual-initiation-and-early-sexual-debut-and-associated-risk-factors-and-health-problems-among-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-violence-against-children-and-youth-s/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Early Sexual Debut: Between 14.4% and 40.1% of adolescent girls and young women in the nine PEPFAR countries had early sexual debut. Increased Risky Behaviors: Those with early sexual debut had higher odds of engaging in risky sexual behaviors and lower odds of having been tested for HIV. Forced - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Descriptive Studies (Case Reports, Case Series)](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-study-designs-descriptive-studies-case-reports-case-series/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Study Designs: Descriptive Studies (Case Reports, Case Series) In this tutorial, we will focus on the concept of descriptive studies, specifically case reports and case series. Descriptive studies are often the first step in understanding health issues in a population, and they provide valuable information about - [MMWR Booster for: Enterovirus D68-Associated Acute Respiratory Illness ─ New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, July–November 2018–2020 / November 26, 2021 / 70(47);1623–1628](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-enterovirus-d68-associated-acute-respiratory-illness-─-new-vaccine-surveillance-network-united-states-july-november-2018-2020-november-26-2021-70471/) - Top 5 Takeaways EV-D68 Detection Trends: EV-D68 detections among children with ARI varied significantly over the study period, with 382 detections in 2018, six in 2019, and 30 in 2020. Demographic Disparities: In 2020, a significant proportion of EV-D68 detections were among non-Hispanic Black children (73%), highlighting potential health disparities. Impact of COVID-19 Mitigation: The - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness — Six U.S. Jurisdictions, December 2020–August 2021 / December 3, 2021 / 70(48);1676–1678](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-among-persons-experiencing-homelessness-six-u-s-jurisdictions-december-2020-august-2021-december-3-2021-7/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Vaccination Coverage: Full COVID-19 vaccination coverage among persons experiencing homelessness ranged from 18.6% to 44.5%, significantly lower than the general population in the same jurisdictions. Data Collection Challenges: Estimating vaccination coverage for persons experiencing homelessness is difficult due to the lack of routine housing status collection in vaccination records and the - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: HIV Infection, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men — United States, 2010–2019 / December 3, 2021 / 70(48);1669–1675](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-hiv-infection-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-among-gay-bisexual-and-other-men-who-have-sex-with-men-united-states-2010-2019-december-3-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disparities in HIV Infections: While new HIV infections decreased among White MSM from 2010 to 2019, they did not decrease among Black MSM or Hispanic/Latino MSM. Age-Related Trends: New HIV infections increased among MSM aged 25–34 years, while they decreased among those aged 13–24 years and 45–54 years. Lower Utilization of HIV - [Immune-Related Factors May Drive Brain Atrophy: Public Health Ramifications](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/immune-related-factors-may-drive-brain-atrophy-public-health-ramifications/) - How Immune-Related Factors May Drive Brain Atrophy: Public Health Ramifications Key Takeaways Recent research links immune-related proteins and neuroinflammation to brain atrophy, accelerating cognitive decline. The study utilized advanced neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and immune profiling to identify key biological pathways involved in brain degeneration. Public health strategies can use these findings to improve early - [MMWR Booster for: Incidence of Nonfatal Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Hospitalizations — United States, 2018 / December 3, 2021 / 70(48);1664–1668](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-incidence-of-nonfatal-traumatic-brain-injury-related-hospitalizations-united-states-2018-december-3-2021-70481664-1668/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Incidence in 2018: There were 223,050 nonfatal TBI-related hospitalizations in the United States in 2018. Demographic Disparities: Rates were highest among males and persons aged ≥75 years, with the rate for those aged ≥75 years being three times higher than for those aged 65–74 years. Common Causes: Unintentional falls (51.0%) and - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Attack Rates and Case Fatality Rates](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-measures-of-disease-frequency-attack-rates-and-case-fatality-rates/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Attack Rates and Case Fatality Rates In this tutorial, we’ll explore two more important epidemiological measures: attack rates and case fatality rates. These metrics are particularly useful in outbreak investigations and for understanding the severity of diseases. They are also essential for - [Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Their Impact on Brain Development: A Public Health Concern](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/neonicotinoid-pesticides-and-their-impact-on-brain-development-a-public-health-concern/) - Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Their Impact on Brain Development: A Public Health Concern Key Takeaways Neonicotinoid pesticides have been shown to cause developmental neurotoxicity in rodent studies, raising concerns about potential impacts on human health. Exposure to these chemicals, which are used in agriculture, may be particularly harmful during fetal development and early childhood. Rural populations, - [MMWR Booster for: State-Level Economic Costs of Fatal Injuries — United States, 2019 / December 3, 2021 / 70(48);1660–1663](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-state-level-economic-costs-of-fatal-injuries-united-states-2019-december-3-2021-70481660-1663/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Economic Costs: In 2019, fatal injuries in the U.S. resulted in an economic cost of $2.2 trillion. State Variations: West Virginia had the highest per capita cost from fatal injuries at $11,274, while New York had the lowest at $4,538. Leading Causes: Unintentional injuries, suicides, and homicides were significant contributors to - [Brighter Nights and Darker Days Linked to Higher Mortality Risk: New Public Health Insights](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/brighter-nights-and-darker-days-linked-to-higher-mortality-risk-new-public-health-insights/) - Brighter Nights and Darker Days Linked to Higher Mortality Risk: New Public Health Insights Key Takeaways Brighter night light exposure and darker daytime light are linked to higher all-cause and cardiometabolic mortality risks. This study tracked over 88,000 individuals, collecting 13 million hours of personal light data with wearable sensors. Maintaining bright daytime light and - [MMWR Booster for: Economic Cost of Injury — United States, 2019 / December 3, 2021 / 70(48);1655–1659](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-economic-cost-of-injury-united-states-2019-december-3-2021-70481655-1659/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Economic Cost: The estimated economic cost of injuries in the U.S. in 2019 was $4.2 trillion, including medical care, work loss, and quality of life losses. Working-Aged Adults: More than half of the economic cost ($2.4 trillion) was among adults aged 25–64 years. Gender Disparity: Males had higher injury-related costs ($1.6 - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Deployment of an Electronic Self-Administered Survey to Assess Human Health Effects of an Industrial Chemical Facility Fire — Winnebago County, Illinois, June–July 2021 / December 10, 2021 / 70(49);1715–1716](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-deployment-of-an-electronic-self-administered-survey-to-assess-human-health-effects-of-an-industrial-chemical-facility-fire-winnebago-county-illinois/) - Top 5 Takeaways Incident Overview: An industrial fire in Winnebago County, Illinois, led to the release of smoke, dust, and debris, prompting evacuation and masking advisories. Survey Deployment: An electronic self-administered survey was used to assess the health effects of the fire, distributed via email and promoted through various channels. Survey Response: Out of 40,217 - [MMWR Booster for: Influenza A(H3N2) Outbreak on a University Campus — Michigan, October–November 2021 / December 10, 2021 / 70(49);1712-1714](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-influenza-ah3n2-outbreak-on-a-university-campus-michigan-october-november-2021-december-10-2021-70491712-1714/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rapid Outbreak: The University of Michigan experienced a rapid increase in influenza A(H3N2) cases from October 6 to November 19, 2021, with over 95% of cases detected in November. Demographics: The median age of those infected was 19 years, with 54.1% being female and 60% residing off-campus. Vaccine Effectiveness: The similar vaccination - [MMWR Booster for: Community-Based Testing Sites for SARS-CoV-2 — United States, March 2020–November 2021 / December 10, 2021 / 70(49);1706–1711](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-community-based-testing-sites-for-sars-cov-2-united-states-march-2020-november-2021-december-10-2021-70491706-1711/) - Top 5 Takeaways Massive Testing Effort: The CBTS program conducted over 11.6 million SARS-CoV-2 tests at 8,319 locations across the U.S. and its territories from March 2020 to April 2021. Testing Modalities: The program included Drive-Through Testing (3.5%), Pharmacies+ Testing (86.9%), and Surge Testing (9.7%). Demographic Insights: Positive test results were highest among American Indian - [MMWR Booster for: Comparative Effectiveness and Antibody Responses to Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines among Hospitalized Veterans — Five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, United States, February 1–September 30, 2021 / December 10, 2021 / 70(49);1700–1705](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-comparative-effectiveness-and-antibody-responses-to-moderna-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines-among-hospitalized-veterans-five-veterans-affairs-medical-centers-united/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness: Moderna's vaccine was 86% effective and Pfizer-BioNTech's was 75% effective in preventing COVID-19–associated hospitalizations ≥120 days after the second dose. Antibody Levels: Antibody responses to both vaccines decreased over time, but Moderna recipients had higher antibody levels than Pfizer-BioNTech recipients. Booster Importance: The findings suggest the importance of booster doses - [COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children: New Evidence Raises Public Health Concerns](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/covid-19-and-type-2-diabetes-in-children-new-evidence-raises-public-health-concerns/) - COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes in Children: New Evidence Raises Public Health Concerns Key Takeaways Children aged 10-19 who had COVID-19 are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) within six months of infection. The study finds that children hospitalized with COVID-19 or with a higher BMI are at greater risk of - [MMWR Booster for: Update on Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks — Worldwide, January 2020–June 2021 / December 10, 2021 / 70(49);1691–1699](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-update-on-vaccine-derived-poliovirus-outbreaks-worldwide-january-2020-june-2021-december-10-2021-70491691-1699/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in cVDPV2 Cases: During January 2020–June 2021, there were 44 cVDPV outbreaks resulting in 1,335 paralytic cases, with 86% being cVDPV2. Introduction of Novel OPV2: The novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (nOPV2), more genetically stable than the Sabin strain, was first used in March 2021 for outbreak responses. Geographical - [Gut Health and Endometriosis: New Study Uncovers Biomarkers for Non-Invasive Diagnosis](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/gut-health-and-endometriosis-new-study-uncovers-biomarkers-for-non-invasive-diagnosis/) - Gut Health and Endometriosis: New Study Uncovers Biomarkers for Non-Invasive Diagnosis Key Takeaways A new study reveals distinct stool metabolites in women with endometriosis, offering a pathway for non-invasive diagnosis. The study identifies 4-hydroxyindole as a promising therapeutic candidate that reduces endometriosis-related inflammation and pain. The findings suggest a connection between endometriosis and inflammatory bowel - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: COVID-19–Associated Mucormycosis — Arkansas, July–September 2021 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1750–1751](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-covid-19-associated-mucormycosis-arkansas-july-september-2021-december-17-2021-70501750-1751/) - Top 5 Takeaways Emergence of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis: Multiple cases of mucormycosis were reported in Arkansas following COVID-19 diagnosis, highlighting a new public health concern. Patient Demographics: The median age of affected patients was 57 years, and all were non-Hispanic White persons. Most patients had underlying conditions such as diabetes. Clinical Presentation: Mucormycosis manifested in various - [COVID-19: A Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent with Genetic Implications](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/covid-19-a-coronary-artery-disease-risk-equivalent-with-genetic-implications/) - COVID-19: A Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent with Genetic Implications Key Takeaways COVID-19, especially in hospitalized cases, is linked to an increased risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE). Hospitalization for COVID-19 presents risks similar to coronary artery disease (CAD), even in individuals with no history of cardiovascular disease. A genetic interaction between COVID-19 and non-O - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Mucormycosis Cases During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Honduras, May–September 2021 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1747–1749](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-mucormycosis-cases-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-honduras-may-september-2021-december-17-2021-70501747-1749/) - Top 5 Takeaways Unexpected Increase in Cases: An unexpected number of mucormycosis cases were reported among COVID-19 patients in Honduras between May and September 2021. Investigation Collaboration: The investigation was a collaborative effort involving the Honduras Field Epidemiology Training Program, SE-COMISCA, PAHO, and CDC. COVID-19 Association: Out of 17 mucormycosis cases, 11 were associated with - [MMWR Booster for: Trends in and Characteristics of Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyls — United States, 2019–2020 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1740-1746](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-trends-in-and-characteristics-of-drug-overdose-deaths-involving-illicitly-manufactured-fentanyls-united-states-2019-2020-december-17-2021-70501740-1746/) - Top 5 Takeaways Sharp Increase in Deaths: IMF-involved overdose deaths surged in midwestern (33.1%), southern (64.7%), and western (93.9%) regions during 2019-2020. Polysubstance Use: Approximately 40% of IMF-involved deaths also involved stimulants, highlighting the complexity of substance use patterns. Immediate Fatality Risk: Over half (56%) of the decedents had no pulse when first responders arrived, - [MMWR Booster for: Booster and Additional Primary Dose COVID-19 Vaccinations Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years — United States, August 13, 2021–November 19, 2021 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1735-1739](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-booster-and-additional-primary-dose-covid-19-vaccinations-among-adults-aged-≥65-years-united-states-august-13-2021-november-19-2021-december-17-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Booster Uptake: 18.7 million adults aged ≥65 years received a booster or additional primary dose, representing 44.1% of eligible individuals in this age group. Coverage Variation: Booster coverage varied by vaccine type and race/ethnicity, with the highest coverage among non-Hispanic White and multiracial/other race recipients. ACIP Recommendations: ACIP recommended booster doses - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant — United States, December 1–8, 2021 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1731-1734](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-united-states-december-1-8-2021-december-17-2021-70501731-1734/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron Variant Emergence: The Omicron variant was first reported to the WHO by South Africa on November 24, 2021, and designated a variant of concern due to its potential increased transmissibility and resistance to therapeutics. Initial U.S. Cases: Between December 1-8, 2021, 22 U.S. states reported at least one case of the - [MMWR Booster for: Report of Health Care Provider Recommendation for COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adults, by Recipient COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Attitudes — United States, April–September 2021 / December 17, 2021 / 70(50);1723–1730](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-report-of-health-care-provider-recommendation-for-covid-19-vaccination-among-adults-by-recipient-covid-19-vaccination-status-and-attitudes-united-states-april-sep/) - Top 5 Takeaways Provider Recommendations Increase Vaccination Rates: Adults who received a COVID-19 vaccination recommendation from a health care provider were more likely to have been vaccinated (77.6%) compared to those who did not receive a recommendation (61.9%). Positive Attitudes Towards Vaccination: Those who received a provider recommendation were more likely to be concerned about - [MMWR Booster for: Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Cluster — Nebraska, November–December 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1782–1784](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-investigation-of-a-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-cluster-nebraska-november-december-2021-december-31-2021-7051521782-1784/) - Top 5 Takeaways First Detection: The Omicron variant was first detected in Botswana on November 11, 2021, and in South Africa on November 14, 2021. Index Patient: The index patient in Nebraska, who was unvaccinated, had a history of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and returned from Nigeria on November 23, 2021. Household Cluster: All six household - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Mortality and Morbidity Rates](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-measures-of-disease-frequency-mortality-and-morbidity-rates/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Mortality and Morbidity Rates In this tutorial, we’ll cover another essential topic in public health: measures of disease frequency, specifically mortality and morbidity rates. These metrics are fundamental for understanding the health status of populations and are critical for the Certified in - [MMWR Booster for: Evaluation of Test to Stay Strategy on Secondary and Tertiary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in K–12 Schools — Lake County, Illinois, August 9–October 29, 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1778–1781](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-evaluation-of-test-to-stay-strategy-on-secondary-and-tertiary-transmission-of-sars-cov-2-in-k-12-schools-lake-county-illinois-august-9-october-29-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Test to Stay (TTS) Implementation: 90 schools in Lake County, Illinois, implemented the TTS strategy during fall 2021, allowing close contacts with masked COVID-19 exposures to remain in school. Secondary Transmission Rate: The secondary transmission rate among TTS participants was 1.5%, with no tertiary transmission observed among school-based contacts. In-Person Learning Days - [CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Incidence and Prevalence](https://www.broadlyepi.com/cph-focus/cph-focus-evidence-based-approaches-to-public-health-epidemiology-measures-of-disease-frequency-incidence-and-prevalence/) - CPH Focus: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health: Epidemiology – Measures of Disease Frequency: Incidence and Prevalence In this CPH Focus, we’ll dive deep into one of the fundamental topics in public health: measures of disease frequency, specifically incidence and prevalence. Understanding these concepts is crucial for the Certified in Public Health (CPH) exam and serves - [How Online Pharmacies Became Central to Medication Abortion After Dobbs v Jackson](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/how-online-pharmacies-became-central-to-medication-abortion-after-dobbs-v-jackson/) - How Online Pharmacies Became Central to Medication Abortion After Dobbs v Jackson Key Takeaways The number of medication abortion (MA) prescriptions fulfilled by an online pharmacy significantly increased after the Dobbs v Jackson decision in June 2022. Virtual-only prescribers drove most of the increased demand, demonstrating a major shift towards telehealth for abortion care. Most - [Introducing CPH Focus: Your Guide to Acing the Certified in Public Health Exam!](https://www.broadlyepi.com/announcements/introducing-cph-focus-your-guide-to-acing-the-certified-in-public-health-exam/) - Introducing CPH Focus: Your Guide to Acing the Certified in Public Health Exam! Disclaimer: Broadly Epi is not affiliated with the National Board of Public Health Examiners or the Certified in Public Health exam. We are thrilled to announce the launch of CPH Focus, a brand-new series of tutorials on Broadly Epi designed to help - [MMWR Booster for: Evaluation of a Test to Stay Strategy in Transitional Kindergarten Through Grade 12 Schools — Los Angeles County, California, August 16–October 31, 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1773–1777](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-evaluation-of-a-test-to-stay-strategy-in-transitional-kindergarten-through-grade-12-schools-los-angeles-county-california-august-16-october-31-2021-december-31/) - Top 5 Takeaways TTS Adoption: One in five public schools in Los Angeles County adopted the Test to Stay (TTS) strategy, allowing students exposed to COVID-19 to remain in school if both the infected and exposed persons wore masks. No Increase in Transmission: Schools implementing TTS did not see an increase in COVID-19 case rates - [MMWR Booster for: Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with COVID-19 — Six Hospitals, United States, July–August 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1766–1772](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-characteristics-and-clinical-outcomes-of-children-and-adolescents-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Hospitalization Rates: 77.9% of children and adolescents hospitalized during the study period were admitted for acute COVID-19. Viral Coinfections: Approximately one third of children under 5 years had a viral coinfection, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most common. Obesity as a Risk Factor: Two thirds of adolescents aged 12-17 - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Estimate of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Adolescents Aged 12–17 Years — Arizona, July–December 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1761–1765](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-estimate-of-vaccine-effectiveness-of-bnt162b2-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-in-preventing-sars-cov-2-infection-among-adolescents-aged-12-17-years-arizona-july/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccine Effectiveness: The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed 92% effectiveness in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among adolescents aged 12–17 years under real-world conditions. Study Design: A prospective cohort study involving 243 adolescents in Arizona, who underwent weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing for 19 weeks. Adjusted Analysis: The vaccine effectiveness estimate was adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccine Safety in Children Aged 5–11 Years — United States, November 3–December 19, 2021 / December 31, 2021 / 70(5152);1755–1760](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccine-safety-in-children-aged-5-11-years-united-states-november-3-december-19-2021-december-31-2021-7051521755-1760/) - Top 5 Takeaways Common Reactions: Local and systemic reactions were frequently reported in children aged 5–11 years after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination, especially after the second dose. Nonserious Events: Approximately 97.6% of adverse events reported to VAERS were nonserious. Serious Events: Serious adverse events were rare, with the most common being fever, vomiting, and increased troponin - [MMWR Booster for: Receipt of COVID-19 Vaccine During Pregnancy and Preterm or Small-for-Gestational-Age at Birth — Eight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 15, 2020–July 22, 2021 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);26–30](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-receipt-of-covid-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-and-preterm-or-small-for-gestational-age-at-birth-eight-integrated-health-care-organizations-united-states-december-15-2020/) - Top 5 Takeaways COVID-19 Vaccination Safety: COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth or small-for-gestational-age (SGA) at birth. Large Cohort Study: The study included over 40,000 pregnant women, providing robust data to support the findings. Trimester and Dose Analysis: No increased risk was found when stratified by trimester - [The Intergenerational Chain of Violence: From Adverse Childhood Experiences to Elder Abuse](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/the-intergenerational-chain-of-violence-from-adverse-childhood-experiences-to-elder-abuse/) - The Intergenerational Chain of Violence: From Adverse Childhood Experiences to Elder Abuse Key Takeaways Adults who experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are significantly more likely to commit elder abuse. Individuals with one ACE had more than 3 times the risk of elder abuse perpetration, while those with two or more ACEs had nearly 8 times - [Managing Buprenorphine-Induced Withdrawal: Challenges in Treating Patients Using Fentanyl - A Public Health Perspective](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/managing-buprenorphine-induced-withdrawal-challenges-in-treating-patients-using-fentanyl-a-public-health-perspective/) - Managing Buprenorphine-Induced Withdrawal: Challenges in Treating Patients Using Fentanyl - A Public Health Perspective Key Takeaways Approximately 11.5% of patients treated with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (OUD) developed precipitated withdrawal, with a higher rate in patients using fentanyl. High body mass index (BMI) and elevated urine fentanyl concentration were significantly associated with a higher - [Linking Data to Reduce Youth Firearm Injuries: A Public Health Imperative](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/linking-data-to-reduce-youth-firearm-injuries-a-public-health-imperative/) - Linking Data to Reduce Youth Firearm Injuries: A Public Health Imperative Key Takeaways Linking police and trauma registry data significantly improved the estimated number of nonfatal firearm injuries (NFIs) among youths in Indianapolis from 2016-2021. Black youths represented the majority of both matched and unmatched cases, emphasizing disparities in firearm injury exposure. The combination of - [Social Vulnerability and Sickle Cell Disease Mortality: A Call for Equitable Healthcare](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/social-vulnerability-and-sickle-cell-disease-mortality-a-call-for-equitable-healthcare/) - Social Vulnerability and Sickle Cell Disease Mortality: A Call for Equitable Healthcare Key Takeaways Counties with higher social vulnerability had significantly higher sickle cell disease (SCD) mortality rates, revealing critical disparities in health outcomes. Social determinants such as unemployment, household instability, and minority status significantly contribute to increased mortality among patients with SCD. Black Americans - [Tracking COVID-19 With Surveys on Rapid Tests: A New Frontier for Public Health Monitoring](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/tracking-covid-19-with-surveys-on-rapid-tests-a-new-frontier-for-public-health-monitoring/) - Key Takeaways Nonprobability surveys can effectively track COVID-19 infections when institutional testing is inconsistent or unavailable. Survey data provided a reliable estimate of COVID-19 cases even after the widespread use of rapid at-home tests, which were not recorded institutionally. Survey results correlated highly with wastewater analysis, suggesting they captured infection trends more accurately after institutional - [Falls in Older Adults: A Key Risk Factor for Dementia - Public Health Insights](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/falls-in-older-adults-a-key-risk-factor-for-dementia-public-health-insights/) - Falls in Older Adults: A Key Risk Factor for Dementia - Public Health Insights Key Takeaways Older adults who experience a fall are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with dementia within one year compared to those with other injuries. Falls may act as sentinel events indicating underlying mild cognitive impairment or early dementia. Cognitive - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate Prevalence Rates in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/python/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-prevalence-rates-in-python/) - PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate Prevalence Rates in Python Welcome to another edition of PyFriday! Today, we're diving into a practical data analysis project that covers a foundational skill: calculating prevalence. Imagine you're a junior epidemiologist, and your manager has tasked you with calculating the prevalence of depression in various regions across several years. - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate Incidence Rates in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/python/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-incidence-rates-in-python/) - PyFriday Tutorial: Analyzing Incidence Rates and Yearly Changes in Python Welcome to another PyFriday tutorial! Today, we are focusing on calculating and analyzing incidence rates of depression across multiple regions and years. Imagine you are a junior epidemiologist, and your manager has asked you to not only determine the yearly incidence rates of depression - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Three Human Rabies Deaths Attributed to Bat Exposures — United States, August 2021 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);31–32](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-three-human-rabies-deaths-attributed-to-bat-exposures-united-states-august-2021-january-7-2022-71131-32/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in Rabies Deaths: Three human rabies deaths occurred in the U.S. in fall 2021, all linked to bat exposures and lack of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Symptoms and Progression: Initial symptoms included pain and paresthesia near the exposure site, progressing to severe neurological symptoms and death within weeks. Species Involved: The deaths - [Greenspaces and Cardiovascular Health: Unpacking Urban-Rural Differences](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/greenspaces-and-cardiovascular-health-unpacking-urban-rural-differences/) - Greenspaces and Cardiovascular Health: Unpacking Urban-Rural Differences Key Takeaways Greenspaces within parks are linked to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, while greenspaces outside parks may have negative health associations. Urbanicity affects how greenspaces impact health—beneficial effects are seen in highly urbanized areas but not in rural settings. Tailored greenspace planning and community-specific interventions are needed - [MMWR Booster for: Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Aged ≥18 Years Who Completed a Primary COVID-19 Vaccination Series — 465 Health Care Facilities, United States, December 2020–October 2021 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);19–25](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-risk-factors-for-severe-covid-19-outcomes-among-persons-aged-≥18-years-who-completed-a-primary-covid-19-vaccination-series-465-health-care-facilities-united-states/) - Top 5 Takeaways Effectiveness of Vaccination: COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe outcomes and deaths, with only 0.015% experiencing severe outcomes and 0.0033% dying among those vaccinated. Risk Factors Identified: Severe outcomes were more common in individuals aged ≥65 years, those who were immunosuppressed, and those with underlying conditions such as pulmonary, liver, - [MMWR Booster for: Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking During Pregnancy Among Adults Aged 18–49 Years — United States, 2018–2020 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);10–13](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-alcohol-consumption-and-binge-drinking-during-pregnancy-among-adults-aged-18-49-years-united-states-2018-2020-january-7-2022-71110-13/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption: During 2018–2020, 13.5% of pregnant adults reported current drinking, and 5.2% reported binge drinking in the past 30 days. Impact of Mental Distress: Pregnant adults experiencing frequent mental distress were significantly more likely to report current and binge drinking. Role of Health Care Providers: Pregnant adults without a - [Firearm Violence Exposure and Functional Disability in Black Communities: A Public Health Analysis](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/firearm-violence-exposure-and-functional-disability-in-black-communities-a-public-health-analysis/) - Firearm Violence Exposure and Functional Disability in Black Communities: A Public Health Analysis Key Takeaways Exposure to firearm violence significantly impacts functional health, with disparities in effects between Black men and women. Community violence is particularly detrimental to the mental health of men, while direct threats disproportionately affect women. Cumulative exposure to multiple forms of - [MMWR Booster for: Firearm Homicides and Suicides in Major Metropolitan Areas — United States, 2015–2016 and 2018–2019 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);14–18](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-firearm-homicides-and-suicides-in-major-metropolitan-areas-united-states-2015-2016-and-2018-2019-january-7-2022-71114-18/) - Top 5 Takeaways Firearm Homicide Rates: Firearm homicide rates among persons of all ages remained nearly unchanged from 2015–2016 to 2018–2019 in large metropolitan areas and nationally. Increase in Youth Homicides: Firearm homicide rates among youths increased both within and outside large metropolitan areas during the same periods. Rising Firearm Suicides: Firearm suicide rates increased - [Anosmia in COVID-19: A Marker for Brain Alterations in Recovered Patients](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/anosmia-in-covid-19-a-marker-for-brain-alterations-in-recovered-patients/) - Anosmia in COVID-19: A Marker for Brain Alterations in Recovered Patients Key Takeaways New research highlights anosmia (loss of smell) as a potential marker for brain alterations in post-COVID patients. The study found significant changes in brain structure and function in patients who experienced anosmia during COVID-19. Patients with anosmia exhibited more impulsive decision-making behaviors - [ThuRsday Tutorial: Introduction to Correlation in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-introduction-to-correlation-in-r/) - Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together. In epidemiological data analysis, understanding correlation helps in identifying relationships between variables. This tutorial will guide you through calculating and visualizing correlation using R. Understanding Correlation in Epidemiology: Context and Limitations Before we cover correlation analysis in R, - [MMWR Booster for: Adults Meeting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations — United States, 2019 / January 7, 2022 / 71(1);1–9](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-adults-meeting-fruit-and-vegetable-intake-recommendations-united-states-2019-january-7-2022-7111-9/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Compliance: In 2019, only 12.3% of adults met fruit intake recommendations, and 10.0% met vegetable intake recommendations. Demographic Disparities: Hispanic adults had the highest compliance for fruit intake (16.4%), while males had the lowest (10.1%). Adults aged ≥51 years had the highest compliance for vegetable intake (12.5%), and those with low - [Impact of Anti-Transgender Laws on Youth Suicide Rates: A Call for Inclusive Policies](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/impact-of-anti-transgender-laws-on-youth-suicide-rates-a-call-for-inclusive-policies/) - Impact of Anti-Transgender Laws on Youth Suicide Rates: A Call for Inclusive Policies Key Takeaways Anti-transgender laws significantly increase suicide attempts among transgender and non-binary (TGNB) youth. Young people aged 13-17 are particularly vulnerable, showing a 7-72% rise in suicide attempts after these laws are enacted. The study highlights the need for protective policies - [MMWR Booster for: Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes >30 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Persons Aged <18 Years — United States, March 1, 2020–June 28, 2021 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);59–65](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-risk-for-newly-diagnosed-diabetes-30-days-after-sars-cov-2-infection-among-persons-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Diabetes Risk: Persons aged 30 days after infection compared to those without COVID-19 and those with prepandemic acute respiratory infections. Comparison of Databases: The study used two databases, IQVIA and HealthVerity, both showing a higher incidence of diabetes among COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Incidence Rates: Diabetes incidence was - [Study Reveals Semaglutide May Reduce Opioid Overdose Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Opioid Use Disorder](https://www.broadlyepi.com/emerging-study/study-reveals-semaglutide-may-reduce-opioid-overdose-risk-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-and-opioid-use-disorder/) - Study Reveals Semaglutide May Reduce Opioid Overdose Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Opioid Use Disorder A groundbreaking study published in JAMA Network Open explores the potential benefits of semaglutide, a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, in reducing opioid overdose risk in patients with both T2D and - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: HIV Outbreak During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Persons Who Inject Drugs — Kanawha County, West Virginia, 2019–2021 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);66–68](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-hiv-outbreak-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-among-persons-who-inject-drugs-kanawha-county-west-virginia-2019-2021-january-14-2022-7126/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increasing HIV Diagnoses: The number of HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in Kanawha County rose significantly from less than five annually during 2016–2018 to 11 in the first ten months of 2019. Impact of COVID-19: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted HIV response activities, including partner services, outreach testing, and the - [MMWR Booster for: Impact of the DREAMS Program on New HIV Diagnoses in Adolescent Girls and Young Women Attending Antenatal Care — Lesotho, 2015–2020 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);48–51](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-impact-of-the-dreams-program-on-new-hiv-diagnoses-in-adolescent-girls-and-young-women-attending-antenatal-care-lesotho-2015-2020-january-14-2022-71248/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reduction in HIV Diagnoses: New HIV diagnoses among adolescent girls and young women attending antenatal care decreased by 71.4% in DREAMS districts compared to 48.4% in non-DREAMS districts. Broader Public Health Impact: The reduction in new HIV diagnoses is also attributed to other interventions like viral load suppression, preexposure prophylaxis, voluntary - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12–18 Years — United States, July–December 2021 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);52–58](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-bnt162b2-pfizer-biontech-mrna-vaccination-against-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-among-persons-aged-12-18-years-united-states-jul/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccine Effectiveness: The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed a 91% effectiveness against MIS-C in persons aged 12–18 years. Critical Illness Prevention: All critically ill MIS-C patients requiring life support were unvaccinated. Reinforcement of Vaccination: The findings support the recommendation for COVID-19 vaccination among eligible children to prevent MIS-C. Study Design: The effectiveness was - [MMWR Booster for: Evaluation of State-Led Surveillance of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — Six U.S. States, 2018–2021 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);37–42](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-evaluation-of-state-led-surveillance-of-neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-six-u-s-states-2018-2021-january-14-2022-71237-42/) - Top 5 Takeaways Continued Benefits of Mandated Reporting: Mandated NAS case reporting helps quantify NAS incidence and guides state program development. Challenges in Long-Term Surveillance: Persistent data collection challenges and infrastructural gaps limit states' capacity for long-term surveillance beyond initial case reporting. Infrastructure Needs: Development of additional infrastructure is necessary for states to advance NAS - [MMWR Booster for: Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence, by Race, Ethnicity, and Age Among Women Aged ≥20 Years — United States, 1999–2018 / January 14, 2022 / 71(2);43–47](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-trends-in-breast-cancer-incidence-by-race-ethnicity-and-age-among-women-aged-≥20-years-united-states-1999-2018-january-14-2022-71243-47/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Decrease in Incidence: Breast cancer incidence among women aged ≥20 years decreased an average of 0.3% per year from 1999 to 2018. Racial and Ethnic Variations: Incidence increased among non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander women and decreased among non-Hispanic White women. Age-Specific Trends: Incidence increased among women aged 20–39 years but - [MMWR Booster for: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Receipt of Medications for Treatment of COVID-19 — United States, March 2020–August 2021 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);96–102](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-receipt-of-medications-for-treatment-of-covid-19-united-states-march-2020-august-2021-january-21-2022-71396-102/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disparities in Monoclonal Antibody Treatment: Black, Asian, and Hispanic patients received monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments significantly less often than White and non-Hispanic patients. Inpatient Treatment Differences: Disparities in the use of remdesivir and dexamethasone were smaller compared to mAb treatments, with Black inpatients receiving remdesivir more often than White inpatients. Overall Low - [MMWR Booster for: Use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 Vaccine: Updated Interim Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, December 2021 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);90–95](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-the-janssen-johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-updated-interim-recommendations-from-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-december-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Preferential Recommendation: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) now recommends mRNA COVID-19 vaccines over the Janssen vaccine for all persons aged ≥18 years. Safety Concerns: Cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been reported after Janssen vaccine administration. Emergency Meetings: ACIP held multiple emergency meetings to - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Early Evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant in Community Wastewater — United States, November–December 2021 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);103–105](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-early-evidence-of-the-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-in-community-wastewater-united-states-november-december-2021-january-21-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron Detection: The Omicron variant was first detected in U.S. community wastewater in late November 2021. Early Surveillance: Wastewater surveillance provided early evidence of Omicron, ahead of clinical testing. Geographical Spread: Initial detections were reported in California, Colorado, New York, and Texas. Methodology: Health departments used mutation-specific RT-PCR and sequencing to identify - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication ― Afghanistan, January 2020–November 2021 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);85–89](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-poliomyelitis-eradication-―-afghanistan-january-2020-november-2021-january-21-2022-71385-89/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in WPV1 Cases: The number of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases in Afghanistan decreased by 93% from 2020 to 2021. Reduction in Positive Sewage Samples: Positive sewage samples for WPV1 decreased by 97% during the same period. Increased Inaccessibility of Children: The number of children inaccessible to vaccination increased - [MMWR Booster for: Use of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Immunocompromised Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);80–84](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-recombinant-zoster-vaccine-in-immunocompromised-adults-aged-≥19-years-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expanded Indication: The FDA expanded the use of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) to include immunocompromised adults aged ≥19 years. ACIP Recommendation: ACIP recommends two doses of RZV for immunocompromised adults to prevent herpes zoster and related complications. Vaccine Efficacy: RZV has shown moderate to high efficacy in preventing herpes zoster in various - [Epi Explained: What are Epi Curves?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-what-are-epi-curves/) - Epi Explained: What are Epi Curves? An Epidemic Curve, commonly referred to as an epi curve, is a visual tool used in epidemiology to represent the onset and progression of an outbreak. By graphing the number of new cases over time, public health professionals can analyze the characteristics of an epidemic, such as its source, - [Epi Explained: What are Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-what-are-non-pharmaceutical-interventions-npis/) - Epi Explained: What are Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)? Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) are actions, apart from medical treatments like vaccines and medications, that individuals and communities can take to help slow the spread of contagious diseases. NPIs are crucial during outbreaks and pandemics, especially when vaccines or treatments are unavailable, limited, or ineffective against the disease. These - [Epi Explained: What are Outbreak Investigations?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-what-are-outbreak-investigations/) - Epi Explained: What are Outbreak Investigations? Outbreak investigations are systematic efforts undertaken by public health professionals to identify the source, cause, and control measures for disease outbreaks. These investigations aim to understand the who, what, where, when, and why behind a sudden increase in cases of a particular illness, enabling authorities to implement timely interventions - [Epi Explained: What is Descriptive Epidemiology?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-what-is-descriptive-epidemiology/) - Epi Explained: What is Descriptive Epidemiology? Descriptive epidemiology is the study of the patterns and distribution of diseases and health-related events in populations, offering insights into who is affected, where it occurs, and when it happens. This foundational branch of epidemiology aims to characterize the burden of disease in a population and helps public health - [Epi Explained: What is Survival Analysis?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-what-is-survival-analysis/) - Epi Explained: What is Survival Analysis? Survival analysis is a set of statistical methods used to analyze the expected duration of time until one or more events happen, such as the time until death, the occurrence of a disease, or the failure of a machine. This analysis is crucial in health research, clinical trials, and - [Epi Explained: Types of Outbreaks – Point Source, Continuous Source, and Beyond](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-types-of-outbreaks-point-source-continuous-source-and-beyond/) - Epi Explained: Types of Outbreaks – Point Source, Continuous Source, and Beyond Outbreaks occur when there is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a particular disease within a population. Understanding the different types of outbreaks helps public health professionals identify patterns, determine the source, and take appropriate action to control the spread. - [Epi Explained: Understanding Morbidity and Mortality](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-morbidity-and-mortality/) - Epi Explained: Understanding Morbidity and Mortality Morbidity and mortality are two critical concepts in public health and epidemiology. These terms help researchers and healthcare professionals assess the impact of diseases on populations. While morbidity refers to illness or disease, mortality refers to death. Understanding these terms and their implications is essential for evaluating the health - [Epi Explained: Understanding Statistical Significance, P-Score and Z-Score](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-statistical-significance-p-score-and-z-score/) - Epi Explained: Understanding Statistical Significance, P-Values, and Z-Scores Statistical significance, p-values, and z-scores are fundamental concepts in statistics and research. They are crucial in fields such as medicine, psychology, and economics, helping researchers determine if their findings are due to chance or represent genuine relationships in the data. This Epi Explained aims to make these - [Epi Explained: Understanding Biases and Errors in Epidemiology](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epiexplained-understanding-biases-and-errors-in-epidemiology/) - Epi Explained: Understanding Biases and Errors in Epidemiology Quick Takeaways What is the difference between bias and random error in epidemiology? Bias is a systematic deviation from the truth, while random error occurs by chance. Random error can be reduced by increasing the sample size, but bias requires methodological changes to correct. How does - [Epi Explained: Understanding Prevalence Rate](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-prevalence-rate/) - Epi Explained: Understanding Prevalence Rate Measuring disease burden in a population is crucial to public health decision-making. One of the most fundamental metrics used is the prevalence rate. Understanding this concept is key for professionals and students alike, especially when studying the distribution and impact of diseases in communities. Key Takeaways 1. How is prevalence - [Epi Explained: Understanding Incidence Rate](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-incidence-rate/) - Epi Explained: Understanding Incidence Rate In epidemiology, the incidence rate is one of the most important measures for understanding the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition over a specified period. While often associated with infectious disease, knowing how to calculate and interpret the incidence rate is crucial for making informed decisions about - [Epi Explained: What are Sensitivity and Specificity in Epidemiology?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epiexplained-what-are-sensitivity-and-specificity-in-epidemiology/) - Epi Explained: What are Sensitivity and Specificity in Epidemiology? Quick Takeaways Sensitivity measures a test's ability to correctly identify individuals with the disease. Specificity measures how well a test correctly identifies individuals without the disease. Sensitivity and specificity are key in reducing false positives and negatives, crucial for public health screening. Predictive values (PPV and - [MMWR Booster for: Zika-Associated Birth Defects Reported in Pregnancies with Laboratory Evidence of Confirmed or Possible Zika Virus Infection — U.S. Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry, December 1, 2015–March 31, 2018 / January 21, 2022 / 71(3);73–79](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-zika-associated-birth-defects-reported-in-pregnancies-with-laboratory-evidence-of-confirmed-or-possible-zika-virus-infection-u-s-zika-pregnancy-and-infant-registry-decemb/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Birth Defects: Approximately 5% of infants in the U.S. Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry (USZPIR) had Zika-associated brain or eye defects. Common Defects: Frequently reported defects included microcephaly, corpus callosum abnormalities, intracranial calcification, and optic nerve abnormalities. Multiple Defects: One third of infants with any Zika-associated birth defect had more - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Increased Incidence of Fentanyl-Related Deaths Involving Para-fluorofentanyl or Metonitazene — Knox County, Tennessee, November 2020–August 2021 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);153–155](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-increased-incidence-of-fentanyl-related-deaths-involving-para-fluorofentanyl-or-metonitazene-knox-county-tennessee-november-2020-august-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Overdose Deaths: Drug overdose deaths in the U.S. increased by 28.5% from April 2020 to April 2021. Emergence of Para-fluorofentanyl: Para-fluorofentanyl, a substance from the 1960s, has reemerged in the illicit drug market, found in heroin packets and counterfeit pills. Introduction of Metonitazene: Metonitazene, a benzimidazole-opioid, has been increasingly - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);139–145](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-a-third-dose-of-mrna-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-emergency-department-and-urgent-care-encounters-and-hospitalizations-among-adults-during-periods-of/) - Top 5 Takeaways Third Dose Effectiveness: A third dose of mRNA vaccines was highly effective at preventing COVID-19–associated emergency department (ED) and urgent care (UC) encounters and hospitalizations during both Delta (94% and 94%) and Omicron (82% and 90%) variant predominance periods. Decline in VE Over Time: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) significantly declined for those who - [MMWR Booster for: Trends in Disease Severity and Health Care Utilization During the Early Omicron Variant Period Compared with Previous SARS-CoV-2 High Transmission Periods — United States, December 2020–January 2022 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);146–152](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-trends-in-disease-severity-and-health-care-utilization-during-the-early-omicron-variant-period-compared-with-previous-sars-cov-2-high-transmission-periods-united-states-de/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron Predominance: By late December 2021, the Omicron variant became the predominant strain in the U.S., leading to a surge in COVID-19 cases, ED visits, and hospitalizations. Lower Disease Severity: Despite the high number of cases and hospitalizations, indicators of disease severity such as ICU admissions, length of stay, and death rates - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence — 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4–December 25, 2021 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);132–138](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-incidence-and-death-rates-among-unvaccinated-and-fully-vaccinated-adults-with-and-without-booster-doses-during-periods-of-delta-and-omicron-variant-emergence-25-u/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness: COVID-19 vaccines remained highly effective against hospitalization and death, even with the emergence of the Delta variant and waning immunity. Impact of Booster Doses: Booster doses provided higher protection against infection and death, particularly during the Delta-predominant period and the emergence of the Omicron variant. Age-Specific Benefits: The protective benefits - [MMWR Booster for: Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);109–117](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-15-valent-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-and-20-valent-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-among-u-s-adults-updated-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-prac/) - Top 5 Takeaways New Vaccine Recommendations: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) now recommends the use of either the 15-valent PCV (PCV15) or the 20-valent PCV (PCV20) for adults aged ≥65 years and those aged 19–64 years with certain underlying conditions. Vaccination Simplification: The new recommendations simplify the pneumococcal vaccination process, allowing eligible adults - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis — California and New York, May–November 2021 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);125–131](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations-by-covid-19-vaccination-status-and-previous-covid-19-diagnosis-california-and-new-york-may-november-2021-january-28-2022-7/) - Top 5 Takeaways Highest Risk Group: Unvaccinated individuals without a previous COVID-19 diagnosis had the highest rates of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations. Impact of Delta Variant: After the Delta variant became predominant, infection-derived protection was higher, and vaccine-induced immunity waned. Vaccination vs. Previous Infection: Initially, vaccinated individuals without previous infection had lower case rates, but - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Vaccine Confidence by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity — United States, August 29–October 30, 2021 / February 4, 2022 / 71(5);171–176](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-and-vaccine-confidence-by-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-united-states-august-29-october-30-2021-february-4-2022-715/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Vaccination Coverage Among Gay or Lesbian Adults: Gay or lesbian adults reported higher COVID-19 vaccination coverage (85.4%) compared to heterosexual adults (76.3%). Gender Differences in Vaccination: Among gay or lesbian and bisexual adults, men had higher vaccination rates than women. Lowest Coverage Among Non-Hispanic Black LGBT Persons: Vaccination coverage was lowest - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of a Third Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Adults — United States, August–December 2021 / January 28, 2022 / 71(4);118–124](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-a-third-dose-of-pfizer-biontech-and-moderna-vaccines-in-preventing-covid-19-hospitalization-among-immunocompetent-and-immunocompromised-adults-united-state/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Vaccine Effectiveness: A third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines significantly increased vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalization from 82% to 97% in immunocompetent adults and from 69% to 88% in immunocompromised adults. Study Population: The study included 2,952 adults hospitalized at 21 U.S. hospitals, with a mix of COVID-19 case-patients and COVID-19–negative - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: COVID-19 Vaccination Among Persons Living with Diagnosed HIV Infection — New York, October 2021 / February 4, 2022 / 71(5);182–184](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-covid-19-vaccination-among-persons-living-with-diagnosed-hiv-infection-new-york-october-2021-february-4-2022-715182-184/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccination Coverage Among PLWDH: As of October 24, 2021, 63.5% of persons living with diagnosed HIV infection (PLWDH) in New York had received full COVID-19 vaccination. Age and Gender Disparities: Vaccination coverage increased with age and was higher among men (64.8%) compared to women (60.5%) and nonbinary/nonconforming persons (58.1%). Racial/Ethnic Disparities: Non-Hispanic - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Vaccination Status, Before and During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance — Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021–January 8, 2022 / February 4, 2022 / 71(5);177–181](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-infection-and-hospitalization-among-adults-aged-≥18-years-by-vaccination-status-before-and-during-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-predominance-l/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Risk for Unvaccinated: Unvaccinated individuals had significantly higher COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates compared to vaccinated individuals, especially those with a booster. Omicron Impact: During Omicron predominance, unvaccinated persons had 3.6 times the infection rate and 23.0 times the hospitalization rate of fully vaccinated persons with a booster. Vaccine Effectiveness: COVID-19 - [MMWR Booster for: Self-Rated Physical Health Among Working-Aged Adults Along the Rural-Urban Continuum — United States, 2021 / February 4, 2022 / 71(5);161–166](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-self-rated-physical-health-among-working-aged-adults-along-the-rural-urban-continuum-united-states-2021-february-4-2022-715161-166/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rural-Urban Health Disparities: Working-aged adults in small/medium urban and rural counties reported worse physical health compared to those in large urban counties. Socioeconomic Factors: Differences in socioeconomic status, such as education, income, and employment, largely explain the health disparities observed. Persistent Rural Disadvantage: Despite adjustments for socioeconomic factors, residents of metro-adjacent rural - [MMWR Booster for: Association Between Social Vulnerability and Rates of HIV Diagnoses Among Black Adults, by Selected Characteristics and Region of Residence — United States, 2018 / February 4, 2022 / 71(5);167–170](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-association-between-social-vulnerability-and-rates-of-hiv-diagnoses-among-black-adults-by-selected-characteristics-and-region-of-residence-united-states-2018-february-4/) - Top 5 Takeaways High HIV Diagnosis Rates: In 2018, Black persons accounted for nearly half of all new HIV diagnoses in the U.S., with a diagnosis rate four times higher than other racial or ethnic groups combined. Social Vulnerability Impact: New HIV diagnosis rates among Black adults were higher in communities with the highest social - [MMWR Booster for: QuickStats: Percentage* of Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years Who Reported Being Tired Most Days or Every Day,† by Age Group and Hours of Screen Time§ — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2020¶ / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);224](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-quickstats-percentage-of-children-and-adolescents-aged-5-17-years-who-reported-being-tired-most-days-or-every-day†-by-age-group-and-hours-of-screen-time§/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Fatigue in Adolescents: In 2020, 10.9% of adolescents aged 12–17 years reported being tired most days or every day, compared to 3.5% of children aged 5–11 years. Screen Time Impact: Among adolescents aged 12–17, those who reported more than 2 hours of screen time per weekday were more likely to report - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);212–216](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-face-mask-or-respirator-use-in-indoor-public-settings-for-prevention-of-sars-cov-2-infection-california-february-december-2021-february-11-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Consistent Mask Use Reduces Infection Risk: Consistently wearing a face mask or respirator in indoor public settings was associated with lower odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Respirators Offer Highest Protection: N95/KN95 respirators provided the most significant protection compared to no mask use, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.17. Surgical - [MMWR Booster for: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Periods of B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance — One Hospital, California, July 15–September 23, 2021, and December 21, 2021–January 27, 2022 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);217–223](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-clinical-characteristics-and-outcomes-among-adults-hospitalized-with-laboratory-confirmed-sars-cov-2-infection-during-periods-of-b-1-617-2-delta-and-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-pre/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron vs. Delta Severity: Patients hospitalized during the Omicron period had less severe illness compared to those during the Delta period, largely due to higher vaccination rates. Impact of Vaccination: COVID-19 vaccination, especially with a booster dose, was associated with a lower likelihood of ICU admission and death among hospitalized adults. Non-COVID-19 - [MMWR Booster for: Identifying Higher-Volume Antibiotic Outpatient Prescribers Using Publicly Available Medicare Part D Data — United States, 2019 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);202–205](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-identifying-higher-volume-antibiotic-outpatient-prescribers-using-publicly-available-medicare-part-d-data-united-states-2019-february-11-2022-716202-205/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Concentration of Prescriptions: The top 10% of antibiotic prescribers accounted for 41% of all antibiotic prescriptions for Medicare Part D beneficiaries in 2019. Higher Prescribing Rates: Higher-volume prescribers had an antibiotic prescribing rate 60% higher than lower-volume prescribers. Regional Disparities: Nearly half of higher-volume prescribers were located in the South, which - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination — Worldwide, 2012–2020 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);196–201](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-rubella-and-congenital-rubella-syndrome-control-and-elimination-worldwide-2012-2020-february-11-2022-716196-201/) - Top 5 Takeaways Global Vaccine Introduction: By 2020, 173 out of 194 countries (89%) had introduced rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs), a significant increase from 68% in 2012. Elimination Progress: Rubella transmission has been verified as eliminated in 93 countries (48%), including the entire Region of the Americas. Vaccination Equity: Introduction of RCVs improved substantially among lower-income - [MMWR Booster for: Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Predominance of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variants — United States, June 2021–January 2022 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);206–211](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-genomic-surveillance-for-sars-cov-2-variants-predominance-of-the-delta-b-1-617-2-and-omicron-b-1-1-529-variants-united-states-june-2021-january-2022-februar/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expansion of Genomic Surveillance: CDC expanded its genomic surveillance to include data from public repositories and produce weighted estimates of variant proportions at the jurisdiction level. Delta Variant Predominance: The Delta variant rose to predominance in late June 2021, accounting for over 50% of circulating viral lineages within 8 weeks. Rapid Rise - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Outbreak of COVID-19 Among a Highly Vaccinated Population Aboard a U.S. Navy Ship After a Port Visit — Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2021 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);279–281](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-outbreak-of-covid-19-among-a-highly-vaccinated-population-aboard-a-u-s-navy-ship-after-a-port-visit-reykjavik-iceland-july-2021-february-18-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Vaccination Rate: Over 98% of the ship's approximately 350 personnel were fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Outbreak Identification: The outbreak was identified on July 27, 2021, when a symptomatic crew member tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Attack Rate: The attack rate of COVID-19 on the ship was 6.3%, significantly lower than earlier outbreaks - [MMWR Booster for: Preventive Dental Care and Oral Health of Children and Adolescents With and Without Heart Conditions — United States, 2016–2019 / February 11, 2022 / 71(6);189–195](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-preventive-dental-care-and-oral-health-of-children-and-adolescents-with-and-without-heart-conditions-united-states-2016-2019-february-11-2022-716189/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Risk: Children with heart conditions are at higher risk for infective endocarditis from oral bacteria. Preventive Care Disparities: 83% of children with heart conditions received preventive dental care, but 17% had poor oral health symptoms, and 10% had teeth in fair or poor condition. Socioeconomic Impact: Poor oral health was more - [MMWR Booster for: Hospitalizations of Children and Adolescents with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021–January 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);271–278](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hospitalizations-of-children-and-adolescents-with-laboratory-confirmed-covid-19-covid-net-14-states-july-2021-january-2022-february-18-2022-717271/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron Surge: COVID-19–associated hospitalization rates among children and adolescents increased rapidly in late December 2021 with the emergence of the Omicron variant, particularly among children aged 0–4 years. Vaccination Impact: Hospitalization rates remained significantly lower among fully vaccinated adolescents aged 12–17 years compared to unvaccinated adolescents during both Delta and Omicron periods. - [MMWR Booster for: Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Associated With a Large Indoor Convention — New York City, November–December 2021 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);243–248](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-investigation-of-sars-cov-2-transmission-associated-with-a-large-indoor-convention-new-york-city-november-december-2021-february-18-2022-717243-248/) - Top 5 Takeaways Limited Transmission: Despite the presence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, there was no evidence of widespread transmission among the highly vaccinated attendees. Preventive Measures: The implementation of vaccination requirements, consistent mask usage, and HEPA filtration likely contributed to the limited transmission. Activity-Related Risks: Test-positive attendees were more likely to have engaged in activities - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Maternal Vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine During Pregnancy Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization in Infants Aged <6 Months — 17 States, July 2021–January 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);264–270](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-maternal-vaccination-with-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-during-pregnancy-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-in-infants-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Maternal Vaccination Effectiveness: The effectiveness of maternal completion of a 2-dose primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy against COVID-19 hospitalization among infants aged - [MMWR Booster for: Waning 2-Dose and 3-Dose Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);255–263](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-waning-2-dose-and-3-dose-effectiveness-of-mrna-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-emergency-department-and-urgent-care-encounters-and-hospitalizations-among-adults-during-p/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Effectiveness After Third Dose: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) visits and hospitalizations was higher after the third dose compared to the second dose. Waning Effectiveness Over Time: VE decreased with time since vaccination, particularly during the Omicron-predominant period. Omicron vs. Delta: VE was generally lower during the - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Doses Among Adults — United States, September 22, 2021–February 6, 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);249–254](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-covid-19-vaccine-booster-doses-among-adults-united-states-september-22-2021-february-6-2022-february-18-2022-717249-254/) - Top 5 Takeaways Less Frequent Reactions: Local and systemic reactions were less frequent after a homologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster dose compared to the second primary dose. Myocarditis Rare: Myocarditis was rarely reported following an mRNA vaccine booster dose. High Booster Uptake: Approximately 82.6 million U.S. residents aged ≥18 years received a COVID-19 vaccine booster - [MMWR Booster for: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);229–233](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-recommended-immunization-schedule-for-adults-aged-19-years-or-older-united-states-2022-february-18-2022-717229/) - Top 5 Takeaways Updated Recommendations: The 2022 adult immunization schedule includes new or updated ACIP recommendations for hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcal, recombinant zoster, and COVID-19 vaccines. Appendix Addition: An appendix listing contraindications and precautions for all routinely recommended vaccines has been added to the schedule. Cover Page Changes: New instructions, partner organizations, vaccine abbreviations, and - [HSE Care Specialty Finder](https://www.broadlyepi.com/software/hse-care-specialty-finder/) - Discover the Perfect Care Facility in Ireland with Our Innovative Locator Tool: HSE Care Specialty Finder What is HSE Care Specialty Finder? Navigating the complexities of finding the right care facility for your loved ones can be overwhelming. With countless options and varying levels of care, it's essential to have a reliable resource that streamlines - [MMWR Booster for: Multistate Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Infections Among Persons in a Social Network Attending a Convention — New York City, November 18–December 20, 2021 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);238–242](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-multistate-outbreak-of-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-529-omicron-variant-infections-among-persons-in-a-social-network-attending-a-convention-new-york-city-november-18-decembe/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Attack Rates: The attack rate among convention attendees was 70%, but lower among their household members (33%). Booster Dose Effectiveness: Fewer infections were observed among vaccinated attendees who had received a COVID-19 booster dose compared to those who had not. Importance of Early Notification: Early notification and testing led to immediate - [MMWR Booster for: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger — United States, 2022 / February 18, 2022 / 71(7);234–237](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-recommended-immunization-schedule-for-children-and-adolescents-aged-18-years-or-younger-united-states-2022-february-18-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Updated Immunization Schedule: The 2022 schedule includes several changes from the 2021 version, with new recommendations for influenza, dengue, and COVID-19 vaccines. New Appendix: A newly created appendix lists the contraindications and precautions for all vaccine types included in the schedule. Vaccine-Specific Changes: Clarifications and updates have been made for vaccines such - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric Emergency Department Visits Associated with Mental Health Conditions Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–January 2022 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);319–324](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-emergency-department-visits-associated-with-mental-health-conditions-before-and-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-january-2019-january-2022-fe/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in Adolescent Female Visits: Weekly ED visits among adolescent females for mental health conditions increased significantly during the pandemic, particularly for eating and tic disorders. Proportion of Visits: The proportion of ED visits for mental health conditions among children and adolescents increased during the pandemic compared to 2019. Specific Mental Health - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric Emergency Department Visits Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–January 2022 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);313–318](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-emergency-department-visits-before-and-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-january-2019-january-2022-february-25-2022-718313-318/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decline in Visits: Pediatric emergency department (ED) visits decreased by 51% in 2020, 22% in 2021, and 23% in January 2022 compared to 2019. COVID-19 Predominance: COVID-19-related visits were the most common across all pediatric age groups, while visits for other respiratory illnesses generally declined. Increased Visits for Certain Conditions: There - [MMWR Booster for: Changes in Suicide Rates — United States, 2019 and 2020 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);306–312](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-changes-in-suicide-rates-united-states-2019-and-2020-february-25-2022-718306-312-2/) - Top 5 Takeaways Overall Decline: From 2019 to 2020, the overall suicide rate in the United States declined by 3%, with significant reductions among both females (8%) and males (2%). Demographic Disparities: Despite the overall decline, suicide rates increased among certain demographics, including persons aged 25–34 years, Hispanic males, and non-Hispanic multiracial females. Geographic Variations: - [MMWR Booster for: Antigen Test Positivity After COVID-19 Isolation — Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Region, Alaska, January–February 2022 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);293–298](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-antigen-test-positivity-after-covid-19-isolation-yukon-kuskokwim-delta-region-alaska-january-february-2022-february-25-2022-718293-298/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Positivity Rate: 54% of individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antigen between 5 and 9 days after symptom onset or initial diagnosis. Decline Over Time: The proportion of positive antigen test results decreased as more days passed since symptom onset or initial diagnosis. Impact of Vaccination and Previous Infection: Negative follow-up antigen - [MMWR Booster for: Use of Ebola Vaccine: Expansion of Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices To Include Two Additional Populations — United States, 2021 / February 25, 2022 / 71(8);290–292](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-ebola-vaccine-expansion-of-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-to-include-two-additional-populations-united-states-2021-february-2/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expanded Recommendations: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has expanded Ebola vaccination recommendations to include health care personnel at special pathogens treatment centers (SPTCs) and laboratorians and support staff at Laboratory Response Network (LRN) facilities. High-Risk Populations: The expanded recommendations target those at high risk for potential occupational exposure to Ebola - [MMWR Booster for: Binge Drinking Among Adults, by Select Characteristics and State — United States, 2018 / October 15, 2021 / 70(41);1441–1446](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-binge-drinking-among-adults-by-select-characteristics-and-state-united-states-2018-october-15-2021-70411441-1446/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Binge Drinking: In 2018, 16.6% of U.S. adults reported binge drinking in the past 30 days, representing approximately 38.5 million people. Demographic Variations: Binge drinking prevalence was higher among men (22.5%) compared to women (12.6%), and was most common among adults aged 25-34 years (26.0%). Geographic Differences: State-level binge drinking - [MMWR Booster for: Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 2017–2019 / Weekly / April 29, 2022 / 71(17);585–591](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hypertensive-disorders-in-pregnancy-and-mortality-at-delivery-hospitalization-united-states-2017-2019-weekly-april-29-2022-7117585-591/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increasing Prevalence of HDPs: The prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) increased from 13.3% in 2017 to 15.9% in 2019 among delivery hospitalizations. Age and Racial Disparities: HDP prevalence was highest among women aged 35–44 years (18.0%) and 45–55 years (31.0%), and among Black women (20.9%) and American Indian and Alaska - [MMWR Booster for: Geographic Differences in Sex-Specific Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality Rate Trends Among Adults Aged ≥25 Years — United States, 1999–2019 / Weekly / May 6, 2022 / 71(18);613–618](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-geographic-differences-in-sex-specific-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-mortality-rate-trends-among-adults-aged-≥25-years-united-states-1999-2019-we/) - Top 5 Takeaways Geographic Variation in Mortality Trends: COPD mortality rates among women did not change significantly overall from 1999 to 2019, but increased in the Midwest and small metropolitan or nonmetropolitan areas. Men's COPD Mortality Rates: COPD mortality rates among men decreased significantly overall and across all regional and urban-rural subgroups during the same - [Epi Explained: What is the Difference Between Epidemic, Pandemic and Endemic?](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-what-is-the-difference-between-epidemic-pandemic-and-endemic/) - In the realm of epidemiology, the terms epidemic, pandemic, and endemic are fundamental in describing the prevalence and geographic spread of diseases. These terms, often used in public health discussions, especially in the context of outbreaks like COVID-19, help professionals and the public understand the scale and scope of health threats. This Epi Explained delves - [MMWR Booster for: Acute Hepatitis and Adenovirus Infection Among Children — Alabama, October 2021–February 2022 / Weekly / May 6, 2022 / 71(18);638–640](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-acute-hepatitis-and-adenovirus-infection-among-children-alabama-october-2021-february-2022-weekly-may-6-2022-7118638-640/) - Top 5 Takeaways Investigation and Findings: Between October 2021 and February 2022, nine pediatric patients were identified with severe hepatitis of unknown etiology and concomitant adenovirus infection in Alabama. Clinical Features and Demographics: The affected children, mostly female, were two years and eleven months old on average, displaying symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory issues - [Effectiveness of a COVID-19 Additional Primary or Booster Vaccine Dose in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Nursing Home Residents During Widespread Circulation of the Omicron Variant — United States, February 14–March 27, 2022 / Weekly / May 6, 2022 / 71(18);633–637](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/effectiveness-of-a-covid-19-additional-primary-or-booster-vaccine-dose-in-preventing-sars-cov-2-infection-among-nursing-home-residents-during-widespread-circulation-of-the-omicron-variant-un/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Protection with Boosters: Additional primary or booster COVID-19 vaccine doses significantly enhance protection against the Omicron variant in nursing home residents, showing a relative vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 46.9%. Study Context: The study analyzed data from approximately 15,000 skilled nursing facilities, assessing COVID-19 infection rates among residents during the peak prevalence - [MMWR Booster for: West Nile Virus and Other Domestic Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2020 / Weekly / May 6, 2022 / 71(18);628–632](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-west-nile-virus-and-other-domestic-nationally-notifiable-arboviral-diseases-united-states-2020-weekly-may-6-2022-7118628-632/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decrease in West Nile Virus Incidence: The national incidence of neuroinvasive West Nile Virus (WNV) disease in 2020 was 59% lower than the median annual incidence from 2010-2019. Increase in Other Arboviral Diseases: Despite the decrease in WNV, the incidence for other domestic arboviral diseases was higher in 2020 compared to the - [Notes from the Field: Increase in Drug Overdose Deaths Among Hispanic or Latino Persons — Nevada, 2019–2020 / Weekly / May 13, 2022 / 71(19);667–669](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/notes-from-the-field-increase-in-drug-overdose-deaths-among-hispanic-or-latino-persons-nevada-2019-2020-weekly-may-13-2022-7119667-669/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Overdose Deaths: From 2019 to 2020, overdose deaths among Hispanic persons in Nevada spiked by 119.7%, a much higher rate compared to the overall state increase of 54.5%. Demographic Disparities: Males and individuals younger than 25 years saw the highest increases in overdose deaths, particularly among Hispanic males and - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2020–April 2022 / Weekly / May 13, 2022 / 71(19);650–655](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-polio-eradication-worldwide-january-2020-april-2022-weekly-may-13-2022-7119650-655/) - Top 5 Takeaways Sharp Decline in WPV1 Cases: Afghanistan and Pakistan reported a significant reduction in wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases in 2021, highlighting the impact of ongoing eradication efforts. Global Challenge of Vaccine-derived Polioviruses: Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) continue to cause outbreaks, particularly in areas with low immunity, requiring ongoing vigilance and vaccination - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates — United States, 2019–2020 / Weekly / May 13, 2022 / 71(19);656–663](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-changes-in-firearm-homicide-and-suicide-rates-united-states-2019-2020-weekly-may-13-2022-7119656-663/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Firearm Homicides: The overall firearm homicide rate soared by nearly 35% from 2019 to 2020, marking the highest rate since 1994. This rise was particularly pronounced among non-Hispanic Black or African American males and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native males. Stable Overall Firearm Suicide Rates: Despite the sharp - [MMWR Booster for: Use of a Modified Preexposure Prophylaxis Vaccination Schedule to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022 / Weekly / May 6, 2022 / 71(18);619–627](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-a-modified-preexposure-prophylaxis-vaccination-schedule-to-prevent-human-rabies-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-2/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rabies Vaccination Recommendations Updated: A new 2-dose intramuscular rabies vaccination series on days 0 and 7 has replaced the previous 3-dose schedule, aimed at increasing adherence and reducing costs. Changes in Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): The new guidance simplifies the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen by eliminating the need for rabies immunoglobulin and reducing - [Notes from the Field: Trends in Gabapentin Detection and Involvement in Drug Overdose Deaths — 23 States and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020 / Weekly / May 13, 2022 / 71(19);664–666](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/notes-from-the-field-trends-in-gabapentin-detection-and-involvement-in-drug-overdose-deaths-23-states-and-the-district-of-columbia-2019-2020-weekly-may-13-2022-7119664/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increasing Trend in Gabapentin-Involved Overdoses: Analysis of data from the State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) showed a rise in gabapentin detection and involvement in overdose deaths from 2019 to 2020. Demographic and Substance Use Patterns: Most gabapentin-involved overdose deaths occurred among non-Hispanic White individuals aged 35–54, with almost equal distribution - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Increase in Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae — Washington, 2018–2023 / Weekly / May 2, 2024 / 73(17);405–407](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-increase-in-nontoxigenic-corynebacterium-diphtheriae-washington-2018-2023-weekly-may-2-2024-7317405-407/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Incidence: A significant rise in nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae cases in Washington, with numbers increasing tenfold from 2012–2017 to 2018–2023. High-Risk Populations: Most cases occurred among residents experiencing unstable housing and recent illicit substance use, with severe outcomes like endocarditis and bacteremia. Laboratory Techniques: Despite advancements in microbial identification like MALDI-TOF, the - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence of Positive Childhood Experiences Among Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Four States, 2015–2021 / Weekly / May 2, 2024 / 73(17);399–404](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-of-positive-childhood-experiences-among-adults-behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system-four-states-2015-2021-weekly-may-2-2024-7317399/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs): About 53.1% of adults reported experiencing six to seven PCEs, while 12.2% reported two or fewer, indicating a varied prevalence across the population. Sociodemographic Disparities: PCEs varied significantly by race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. Lower PCE scores were more common among minority and low-income - [MMWR Booster for: Cigarette Smoking Among Pregnant Women During the Perinatal Period: Prevalence and Health Care Provider Inquiries — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 2021 / Weekly / May 2, 2024 / 73(17);393–398](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-cigarette-smoking-among-pregnant-women-during-the-perinatal-period-prevalence-and-health-care-provider-inquiries-pregnancy-risk-assessment-monitoring-system-united-states/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Smoking: In 2021, 12.1% of women reported smoking before pregnancy, 5.4% during pregnancy, and 7.2% postpartum. Smoking cessation during pregnancy was reported by 56.1% of those who smoked before. Variability by Demographics: Smoking rates varied significantly by demographic factors and jurisdictions, with the highest rates before pregnancy in West Virginia - [MMWR Booster for: Emergency Department Visits for Pedestrians Injured in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes — United States, January 2021–December 2023 / Weekly / May 2, 2024 / 73(17);387–392](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-emergency-department-visits-for-pedestrians-injured-in-motor-vehicle-traffic-crashes-united-states-january-2021-december-2023-weekly-may-2-2024-7317387/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Proportion of Injuries Among Minorities: Emergency department (ED) visits for pedestrian injuries were disproportionately higher among six racial and ethnic minority groups, with the visit proportions ranging from 1.53 to 2.47 times higher than those among non-Hispanic White individuals. Youth and Male Predominance: Young adults aged 15–34 years and males exhibited - [ThuRsday Tutorial: Decision Trees in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-decision-trees-in-r/) - Introduction For this ThuRsday Tutorial, we're going to cover something a bit different. Instead of showing how to do fairly simple epidemiological calculations, this edition will cover the first of many Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence topics: Decision Trees. First, we're going to cover what Decision Trees are, then do a quick step by step - [Epi Explained: Understanding Randomized Controlled Trials](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-randomized-controlled-trials/) - Clinical trials, particularly randomized controlled trials (RCTs), are critical to evidence-based interventions, pharmaceutical testing, and public heatlh. They provide the most reliable data on the effectiveness of treatments, interventions, and preventive strategies. This Epi Explained delves into the essence of clinical trials, with a focus on RCTs, explaining their purpose, structure, and significance in medical - [MMWR Booster for: Rabies in a Dog Imported from Azerbaijan — Pennsylvania, 2021/ Weekly / May 20, 2022 / 71(20);686–689](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-rabies-in-a-dog-imported-from-azerbaijan-pennsylvania-2021-weekly-may-20-2022-7120686-689/) - Top 5 Takeaways First Instance of Vaccination Failure: Marks the first documented case since 2007 where a rabid dog was imported into the U.S. due to vaccination failure, rather than incomplete or fraudulent paperwork. Insufficient Vaccination in Shipment: Analysis showed that 22% of the animals from the shipment lacked adequate vaccination, highlighting a serious gap - [Notes from the Field: Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak in Children with Clostridioides difficile Colonization Associated with an Improperly Treated Swimming Pool — Pennsylvania, June 2021 / Weekly / May 20, 2022 / 71(20);690–691](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/notes-from-the-field-escherichia-coli-o157h7-outbreak-in-children-with-clostridioides-difficile-colonization-associated-with-an-improperly-treated-swimming-pool-pennsylvania-june-2021-w/) - Top 5 Takeaways Definition and Scope of the Outbreak: Confirmed cases were tied to specific laboratory findings from stool samples among children visiting the community pool between May 31 and June 7, 2021, with probable cases based on gastrointestinal symptoms following the visit. Malfunctioning Equipment and Inadequate Record Keeping: A malfunctioning chlorinator and poor record-keeping - [MMWR Booster for: Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality in Women — United States, 1999–2020 / Weekly / May 13, 2022 / 71(19);645–649](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-malignant-mesothelioma-mortality-in-women-united-states-1999-2020-weekly-may-13-2022-7119645-649/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rising Number of Deaths: The number of mesothelioma deaths among women increased from 489 in 1999 to 614 in 2020, although the age-adjusted death rate per million women slightly decreased. Industry Impact: Significant numbers of mesothelioma deaths among women were linked to the health care and social assistance industry and homemaker occupations. - [MMWR Booster for: Factors Associated with Use of HIV Prevention and Health Care Among Transgender Women — Seven Urban Areas, 2019–2020 / Weekly / May 20, 2022 / 71(20);673–679](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-factors-associated-with-use-of-hiv-prevention-and-health-care-among-transgender-women-seven-urban-areas-2019-2020-weekly-may-20-2022-7120673-679/) - Top 5 Takeaways High HIV Prevalence: 38% of transgender women surveyed reported a positive HIV test, highlighting the group's significant risk. Socioeconomic Challenges: Factors like low income, homelessness, and severe food insecurity were prevalent and negatively impacted the accessibility of HIV prevention and health care. Importance of Comfort with Health Care Providers: A comfortable relationship - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Self-Reported Health Symptoms Following Petroleum Contamination of a Drinking Water System — Oahu, Hawaii, November 2021–February 2022 / Weekly / May 27, 2022 / 71(21);718–719](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-self-reported-health-symptoms-following-petroleum-contamination-of-a-drinking-water-system-oahu-hawaii-november-2021-february-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread Health Impact: Following a petroleum leak at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility, 1,980 of 2,289 surveyed participants reported new or worsened health symptoms, indicating a significant impact on civilian and military households. High Participation in Surveys: The survey saw participation from 1,389 households, leveraging both electronic and in-person outreach, - [MMWR Booster for: Modifiable Risk Factors for Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias Among Adults Aged ≥45 Years — United States, 2019 / Weekly / May 20, 2022 / 71(20);680–685](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-modifiable-risk-factors-for-alzheimer-disease-and-related-dementias-among-adults-aged-≥45-years-united-states-2019-weekly-may-20-2022-7120680-685/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Risk with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD): Adults aged ≥45 with SCD are significantly more likely to report multiple risk factors for Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) compared to those without SCD. Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors: High blood pressure and insufficient physical activity were the most common risk factors, each - [Post–COVID Conditions Among Adult COVID-19 Survivors Aged 18–64 and ≥65 Years — United States, March 2020–November 2021/ Weekly / May 27, 2022 / 71(21);713–717](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/post-covid-conditions-among-adult-covid-19-survivors-aged-18-64-and-≥65-years-united-states-march-2020-november-2021-weekly-may-27-2022-7121713/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Incidence of Post-COVID Conditions: Adults who survived COVID-19 are at a higher risk of developing conditions such as pulmonary embolism and respiratory symptoms, with 38% of COVID-19 survivors experiencing at least one incident condition compared to 16% of controls. Age-Specific Risks: One in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one - [MMWR Booster for: Multistate Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes Infections Linked to Queso Fresco — United States, 2021, Weekly / May 27, 2022 / 71(21);709–712](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-multistate-outbreak-of-listeria-monocytogenes-infections-linked-to-queso-fresco-united-states-2021-weekly-may-27-2022-7121709-712/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread Outbreak: Early 2021 witnessed a multistate outbreak of listeriosis with 13 cases across four states, predominantly affecting Hispanic populations, leading to 12 hospitalizations and one death. Source Identified Quickly: The outbreak was traced to queso fresco made with pasteurized milk, identified within 19 days of cluster detection through rapid food testing - [MMWR Booster for: Use of JYNNEOS (Smallpox and Monkeypox [MPox] Vaccine, Live, Nonreplicating) for Preexposure Vaccination of Persons at Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses — United States, 2022, Weekly / June 3, 2022 / 71(22);734–742](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-jynneos-smallpox-and-monkeypox-mpox-vaccine-live-nonreplicating-for-preexposure-vaccination-of-persons-at-risk-for-occupational-exposure-to-orthopoxviruses-uni/) - Top 5 Takeaways New Vaccine Option: JYNNEOS, a replication-deficient Vaccinia virus vaccine licensed in 2019, is now recommended by ACIP for preexposure prophylaxis against orthopoxviruses, offering an alternative to ACAM2000. Reduced Risk Profile: JYNNEOS, being replication-deficient, poses lower risks of adverse events compared to the replication-competent ACAM2000, making it a safer choice for certain populations. - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Group A Streptococcus Bacteremia in Persons Who Inject Drugs — Northern Vermont, January 2020–October 2023 / Weekly / April 25, 2024 / 73(16);382–384](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-group-a-streptococcus-bacteremia-in-persons-who-inject-drugs-northern-vermont-january-2020-october-2023-weekly-april-25-2024-731638/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increase in Group A Streptococcus Bacteremia: The University of Vermont Medical Center noted a substantial rise in cases of group A streptococcal bloodstream infections during 2022–2023, primarily among persons who inject drugs (PWID), coinciding with xylazine's emergence in the drug supply. Impact of Xylazine: Xylazine, associated with necrosis at injection sites, may - [MMWR Booster for: Use of an Additional Updated 2023–2024 COVID-19 Vaccine Dose for Adults Aged ≥65 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2024 / Weekly / April 25, 2024 / 73(16);377–381](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-an-additional-updated-2023-2024-covid-19-vaccine-dose-for-adults-aged-≥65-years-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices/) - Top 5 Takeaways New Vaccination Recommendation: As of February 28, 2024, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends an additional dose of the updated (2023–2024 Formula) COVID-19 vaccine for all adults aged ≥65 to enhance immunity and mitigate severe COVID-19 outcomes. Targeted Age Group: The focus remains on adults aged ≥65, a demographic that - [Epi Explained: Understanding Case-Control Study Design](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-case-control-study-design/) - Case-control studies are a cornerstone of population research, offering insights into the factors that may contribute to the occurrence of diseases or conditions. These studies are particularly invaluable in understanding rare diseases or outcomes that take a long time to develop. This Epi Explained provides a detailed overview of case-control studies, including their design, advantages, - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Influenza A(H3N2) Outbreak Following a School Event — Los Angeles, California, March 2022 / Weekly / June 3, 2022 / 71(22);745–746](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-influenza-ah3n2-outbreak-following-a-school-event-los-angeles-california-march-2022-weekly-june-3-2022-7122745-746/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rapid Outbreak Following School Event: An outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) occurred among attendees of a school banquet, with 41% of students reporting symptoms within a median of 47 hours post-event. High Testing Coverage and Results: Out of 184 attendees, 95% were tested for respiratory pathogens, and 32% tested positive for influenza A(H3N2), - [Barriers to and Disparities in Access to Health Care Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Epilepsy — United States, 2015 and 2017 / Weekly / May 27, 2022 / 71(21);697–702](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/barriers-to-and-disparities-in-access-to-health-care-among-adults-aged-≥18-years-with-epilepsy-united-states-2015-and-2017-weekly-may-27-2022-7121697-702/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher barriers to healthcare for adults with epilepsy: Compared to adults without epilepsy, those with active or inactive epilepsy face more significant challenges in accessing necessary medical services, including affordability and availability of prescription medicine and specialty care. Insurance disparities: Adults with epilepsy are more likely to rely on Medicaid or other - [MMWR Booster for: Seizure- or Epilepsy-Related Emergency Department Visits Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, 2019–2021 / Weekly / May 27, 2022 / 71(21);703–708](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-seizure-or-epilepsy-related-emergency-department-visits-before-and-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-2019-2021-weekly-may-27-2022-7121703/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decline During Early Pandemic: The early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a sharp decrease in seizure- or epilepsy-related emergency department (ED) visits across all age groups, with the most substantial reductions among children aged 0–9 years. Delayed Recovery for Young Children: Recovery of seizure-related ED visit rates to pre-pandemic levels - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Mammography Use and Association with Social Determinants of Health and Health-Related Social Needs Among Women — United States, 2022 / Weekly / April 18, 2024 / 73(15);351-357](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-mammography-use-and-association-with-social-determinants-of-health-and-health-related-social-needs-among-women-united-states-2022-weekly-april-18-2024/) - Top 5 Takeaways Link between SDOH, HRSNs, and Mammography: Women experiencing more adverse Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) and Health-Related Social Needs (HRSNs) reported lower mammography use, highlighting significant barriers to accessing critical breast cancer screening services. Impact of Specific Adverse Factors: Key factors like social isolation, life dissatisfaction, and cost barriers strongly correlated with - [MMWR Booster for: Use of the Pfizer Pentavalent Meningococcal Vaccine Among Persons Aged ≥10 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ― United States, 2023 / Weekly / April 18, 2024 / 73(15);345–350](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-the-pfizer-pentavalent-meningococcal-vaccine-among-persons-aged-≥10-years-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-―-united-states/) - Top 5 Takeaways New Vaccine Approval: The FDA has approved the Pfizer Pentavalent Meningococcal Vaccine (MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp, branded as Penbraya) for individuals aged 10–25 years to protect against serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y of Neisseria meningitidis. ACIP Recommendations: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends Penbraya for simultaneous administration with other meningococcal vaccines when - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage, and Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Residents in Nursing Homes — National Healthcare Safety Network, United States, October 2023–February 2024 / Weekly / April 18, 2024 / 73(15);339–344](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-and-rates-of-sars-cov-2-infection-and-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-among-residents-in-nursing-homes-national-healthcare-safety/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Infection and Hospitalization Rates: Throughout the study period, SARS-CoV-2 infection rates ranged from 61.4 to 133.8 per 10,000 nursing home residents, with a peak of 133.8 in early December 2023. COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates ranged from 3.8 to 7.1 per 10,000 residents, highlighting ongoing high risks in this population. Low Vaccination Coverage: - [MMWR Booster for: Durability of Original Monovalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against COVID-19 Omicron–Associated Hospitalization in Children and Adolescents — United States, 2021–2023 / Weekly / April 18, 2024 / 73(15);330–338](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-durability-of-original-monovalent-mrna-vaccine-effectiveness-against-covid-19-omicron-associated-hospitalization-in-children-and-adolescents-united-states-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Initial Vaccine Effectiveness: The original monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was 52% effective in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalization in children and adolescents when the last dose was received within 120 days prior to hospitalization. Decreased Protection Over Time: The effectiveness against hospitalization decreased to 19% when the last vaccine dose was administered between 120 - [MMWR Booster for: Heat-Related Emergency Department Visits — United States, May–September 2023 / Weekly / April 18, 2024 / 73(15);324–329](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-heat-related-emergency-department-visits-united-states-may-september-2023-weekly-april-18-2024-7315324-329/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Heat-Related Illnesses: Emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illnesses in the U.S. spiked during May–September 2023, especially among males and adults aged 18–64. Impact of Climate Change: The continuation of this trend is expected as climate change leads to more frequent, longer, and more intense heatwaves, highlighting the urgency - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Initial Outbreak Response Activity Following Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Detection — Malawi, February 2022 / Weekly / June 10, 2022 / 71(23);776–777](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-initial-outbreak-response-activity-following-wild-poliovirus-type-1-detection-malawi-february-2022-weekly-june-10-2022-7123776-777/) - Top 5 Takeaways Reemergence of Poliovirus in Malawi: Despite the WHO's declaration in 2020 that the African Region was free from wild poliovirus, a case was confirmed in Malawi in February 2022, the first since 2016 in Africa. Rapid Response: Within hours of detecting the virus, the President of Malawi declared a public health emergency - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Neonatal Salmonellosis Associated with Backyard Poultry — Oregon, November 2023 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);321–322](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-neonatal-salmonellosis-associated-with-backyard-poultry-oregon-november-2023-weekly-april-11-2024-7314321-322/) - Top 5 Takeaways Risk of Salmonellosis in Newborns: A case of neonatal salmonellosis in Oregon highlights the risks to newborns from backyard poultry, even without direct exposure, emphasizing the dangers of environmental transmission. Geographic Proximity Unnecessary for Transmission: The infected newborn was over 150 miles away from the backyard poultry, suggesting that salmonellosis can be - [MMWR Booster for: Assessment of Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death Among Adolescents and Young Adults After Receipt of COVID-19 Vaccine — Oregon, June 2021–December 2022 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);317–320](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-assessment-of-risk-for-sudden-cardiac-death-among-adolescents-and-young-adults-after-receipt-of-covid-19-vaccine-oregon-june-2021-december-2022-weekly-april-11/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low incidence of sudden cardiac death post-vaccination: Among 1,292 deaths of Oregon residents aged 16–30 during the study period, only three sudden deaths occurred within 100 days post mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, suggesting no significant association with vaccination. Background of myocarditis concerns: Initial reports of myocarditis in young males post-vaccination led to this - [MMWR Booster for: Infections Associated with Medtronic Duet External Ventricular Drains — Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, January 2023–January 2024 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);312–316](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-infections-associated-with-medtronic-duet-external-ventricular-drains-rhode-island-hospital-providence-rhode-island-january-2023-january-2024-weekly-april-11/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Infections: After switching to Medtronic Duet EVD systems, Rhode Island Hospital observed a threefold increase in positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures and an eightfold increase in confirmed infections from October 2023 to January 2024. Product Recall: Due to frequent disconnections and breaks leading to CSF leakage and infections, the - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage — World Health Organization African Region, 2021–2023 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);307–311](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-world-health-organization-african-region-2021-2023-weekly-april-11-2024-7314307-311/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Vaccine Supply: From 2021 to 2023, COVID-19 vaccine doses received in the African Region increased from 321 million to 860 million, with 646 million doses administered. Varying Coverage Across Countries: By the end of 2023, coverage with at least one vaccine dose varied significantly across countries, ranging from 0.3% - [MMWR Booster for: State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Cessation Treatments and Barriers to Accessing Treatments — United States, 2018–2022 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);301–306](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-state-medicaid-coverage-for-tobacco-cessation-treatments-and-barriers-to-accessing-treatments-united-states-2018-2022-weekly-april-11-2024-7314301/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Comprehensive Coverage: From 2018 to 2022, states with comprehensive Medicaid coverage of tobacco cessation treatments rose from 15 to 20, while those without any treatment access barriers went from two to three. Significant Gaps and Barriers Persist: Despite improvements, many states still have coverage gaps and access barriers, limiting effective smoking - [MMWR Booster for: Measles — United States, January 1, 2020–March 28, 2024 / Weekly / April 11, 2024 / 73(14);295–300](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-measles-united-states-january-1-2020-march-28-2024-weekly-april-11-2024-7314295-300/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Cases Early 2024: There was a dramatic rise in reported measles cases in the first quarter of 2024, with 97 new cases accounting for 29% of all cases since January 2020. High Number of Unvaccinated Cases: The majority of measles cases (91%) were in unvaccinated individuals or those with - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Make a SEIR Model in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-make-a-seir-model-in-python/) - The Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model is a natural extension of the SIR Model, accounting for a fourth category of disease state, Exposure. For this PyFriday Tutorial, we'll cover how to not only make a quick SEIR model but also how to graph the results. If you'd like a decent background on what all goes into the - [ThuRsday Tutorial: How to Make a SEIR Model in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-how-to-make-a-seir-model/) - The Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model is a natural extension of the SIR Model, accounting for a fourth category of disease state, Exposure. For this ThuRsday Tutorial, we'll cover how to not only make a quick SEIR model but also how to graph the results. If you'd like a decent background on what all goes into the - [Epi Explained: Understanding Community Trials](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-community-trials/) - Nonrandomized (Community) Trials, also known as observational studies or quasi-experimental studies, are a crucial research design in epidemiology and public health. These studies provide valuable insights into the effects of interventions and exposures when randomization is not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical reasons. This entry of Epi Explained offers a comprehensive exploration of - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Among American Indian or Alaska Native Persons — Alaska, 2020–2021 / Weekly / June 3, 2022 / 71(22);730–733](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-cases-hospitalizations-and-deaths-among-american-indian-or-alaska-native-persons-alaska-2020-2021-weekly-june-3-2022-7122730-733/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disproportionately Higher COVID-19 Impact on AI/AN Persons: AI/AN individuals in Alaska experienced COVID-19 illness, hospitalization, and death rates approximately 2 to 3 times higher than White persons during 2020 and 2021. Challenges Due to Geographic and Systemic Barriers: The significant disparities are attributed to several factors, including the geographic inaccessibility of many - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Lead Poisoning in a Family of Five Resulting from Use of Traditional Glazed Ceramic Ware — New York City, 2017–2022 / Weekly / June 3, 2022 / 71(22);743–744](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-lead-poisoning-in-a-family-of-five-resulting-from-use-of-traditional-glazed-ceramic-ware-new-york-city-2017-2022-weekly-june-3-2022-71/) - Top 5 Takeaways Identification of Lead Poisoning: A routine blood lead screening of a child in 2017 led to the discovery of lead poisoning in a family of five in NYC, with blood lead levels ranging from 5 to 53 µg/dL in November 2020. Source of Exposure: The elevated blood lead levels were linked to - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric Melatonin Ingestions — United States, 2012–2021 / Weekly / June 3, 2022 / 71(22);725–729](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-melatonin-ingestions-united-states-2012-2021-weekly-june-3-2022-7122725-729/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Pediatric Ingestions: Over the decade 2012–2021, pediatric ingestions of melatonin surged by 530%, with a total of 260,435 cases reported. This rise is mainly attributed to unintentional ingestions among children aged ≤5 years. Risk of Hospitalization and Serious Outcomes: There was an increase in pediatric hospitalizations and more serious - [MMWR Booster for: Ventilation Improvement Strategies Among K–12 Public Schools — The National School COVID-19 Prevention Study, United States, February 14–March 27, 2022 / Weekly / June 10, 2022 / 71(23);770–775](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-ventilation-improvement-strategies-among-k-12-public-schools-the-national-school-covid-19-prevention-study-united-states-february-14-march-27-2022-week/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lower-cost Ventilation Strategies Predominate: The majority of U.S. K–12 public schools reported using lower-cost ventilation improvement strategies, such as relocating activities outdoors and opening doors or windows. Resource-intensive Strategies Less Common: Higher-cost, resource-intensive strategies like replacing HVAC systems or using HEPA filters were less frequently reported, especially among rural and mid-poverty schools. - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage, by Race and Ethnicity — National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module, United States, December 2020–November 2021 / Weekly / June 10, 2022 / 71(23);757–763](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-national-immunization-survey-adult-covid-module-united-states-december-2020-november-2021-weekly-june-10/) - Top 5 Takeaways Initial Disparities in Vaccination Coverage: Early in the vaccination campaign, Asian and non-Hispanic White adults had the highest COVID-19 vaccination coverage, while coverage was lower among Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, Multiple or Other races, and American Indian/Alaska Native adults. Narrowing of Disparities by November 2021: By the end of - [MMWR Booster for: Monkeypox Outbreak — Nine States, May 2022 / Weekly / June 10, 2022 / 71(23);764–769](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monkeypox-outbreak-nine-states-may-2022-weekly-june-10-2022-7123764-769/) - Top 5 Takeaways First US case confirmed in Massachusetts: On May 17, 2022, Massachusetts reported the first confirmed case of the West African clade of Monkeypox virus via PCR testing, initiating a CDC emergency response. Spread across nine states and beyond: As of May 31, 17 cases were reported in the US across nine states, - [Epi Explained: Understanding Cohort Studies](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-cohort-studies/) - Cohort studies are a common study method throughout public health and intervention methods. By following groups of people who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic, researchers can uncover links between specific exposures and health outcomes. This Epi Explained will delve into the essence of cohort studies, elucidating their importance, methodology, - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Make a SIR Model in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-make-a-sir-model-in-python/) - The Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, offering insights into how diseases spread and recede in populations over time through a relatively simply set of functions. For this ThuRsday Tutorial, we’ll cover how to not only make a quick SIR model but also how to graph the results. If you’d like a - [ThuRsday Tutorial: How to Make a SIR Model in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-how-to-make-a-sir-model-in-r/) - The Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, offering insights into how diseases spread and recede in populations over time through a relatively simply set of functions. For this ThuRsday Tutorial, we'll cover how to not only make a quick SIR model but also how to graph the results. If you'd like a - [MMWR Booster for: Trends in Acute Hepatitis of Unspecified Etiology and Adenovirus Stool Testing Results in Children — United States, 2017–2022 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);797–802](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-trends-in-acute-hepatitis-of-unspecified-etiology-and-adenovirus-stool-testing-results-in-children-united-states-2017-2022-weekly-june-17-2022-7124797/) - Top 5 Takeaways No Recent Increases in Pediatric Hepatitis or Adenovirus: Analysis of four data sources shows no recent uptick in hepatitis-associated emergency department visits, hospitalizations, liver transplants, or adenovirus types 40/41 positivity among U.S. children compared to pre-COVID-19 levels. Continued Surveillance is Key: Despite the findings, ongoing surveillance remains critical to monitor potential changes - [MMWR Booster for: Characteristics of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Evaluated for Substance Use and Treatment Planning — United States, 2019 / Weekly / June 10, 2022 / 71(23);749–756](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-characteristics-of-adults-aged-≥18-years-evaluated-for-substance-use-and-treatment-planning-united-states-2019-weekly-june-10-2022-7123749-756/) - Top 5 Takeaways High prevalence of substance use among adults seeking treatment: In 2019, alcohol (35.8%) and cannabis (24.9%) were the substances most commonly used in the past 30 days among adults seeking substance use treatment in the U.S. Significant polysubstance use: Polysubstance use, defined as the use of two or more substances, was reported - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Diagnosis and Investigation of Pneumonic Plague During a Respiratory Disease Pandemic — Wyoming, 2021 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);806–807](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-diagnosis-and-investigation-of-pneumonic-plague-during-a-respiratory-disease-pandemic-wyoming-2021-weekly-june-17-2022-7124806-807/) - Top 5 Takeaways Pneumonic Plague Misdiagnosed Amidst COVID-19: An adult admitted to a Wyoming hospital for respiratory symptoms initially suspected to be COVID-19 was later confirmed to have pneumonic plague. Initial COVID-19 Focus Delays Diagnosis: Despite negative tests for SARS-CoV-2, it took days before the correct diagnosis of pneumonic plague was made, highlighting the challenge - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: COVID-19–Associated Mortality Risk Among Long-Term Care Facility Residents and Community-Dwelling Adults Aged ≥65 Years — Illinois, December 2020 and January 2022 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);803–805](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-covid-19-associated-mortality-risk-among-long-term-care-facility-residents-and-community-dwelling-adults-aged-≥65-years-illinois-dece/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in Mortality Rates Among LTCF Residents: The study found a 69% reduction in COVID-19 mortality rates among long-term care facility (LTCF) residents aged ≥65 years from December 2020 to January 2022. Comparison with Community-Dwelling Adults: Despite the overall decrease among LTCF residents, COVID-19 mortality rates slightly increased by nearly 8% - [MMWR Booster for: Genetic Characterization of Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 Viruses During Initial Use Phase Under Emergency Use Listing — Worldwide, March–October 2021 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);786–790](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-genetic-characterization-of-novel-oral-polio-vaccine-type-2-viruses-during-initial-use-phase-under-emergency-use-listing-worldwide-march-october-2021-weekly-ju/) - Top 5 Takeaways Novel OPV2 Shows Genetic Stability: Global genomic surveillance confirms the genetic stability of the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), maintaining the primary attenuating site's integrity during its initial use phase. Widespread Use and Monitoring: Approximately 111 million doses of nOPV2 were administered worldwide, with 251 isolates analyzed from AFP and - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without Disabilities — United States, January 1, 2020–November 20, 2021 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);791–796](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations-among-medicare-beneficiaries-with-and-without-disabilities-united-states-january-1-2020-november-20-2021-weekly-june-17/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Hospitalization Rates in Disability-Eligible Medicare Beneficiaries: COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates were about 50% higher in disability-eligible beneficiaries compared to those eligible due to age, with rates increasing across age groups in both categories. Disproportionate Impact on American Indian or Alaska Native Persons: Among persons with disabilities, American Indian or Alaska Native individuals - [MMWR Booster for: Federal Retail Pharmacy Program Contributions to Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccinations Across Sociodemographic Characteristics — United States, September 1, 2022–September 30, 2023 / Weekly / April 4, 2024 / 73(13);286–290](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-federal-retail-pharmacy-program-contributions-to-bivalent-mrna-covid-19-vaccinations-across-sociodemographic-characteristics-united-states-september-1-2022-septem/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Contribution by FRPP: The Federal Retail Pharmacy Program (FRPP) partners administered 67.7% of the 59.8 million COVID-19 bivalent vaccine doses in the U.S. during the study period. Variation Across Age Groups: The highest uptake of bivalent vaccine doses administered by FRPP partners was observed among adults aged 18–49 years (70.6%), while - [MMWR Booster for: Surveillance To Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, 2022–2023 / Weekly / April 4, 2024 / 73(13);278–285](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-surveillance-to-track-progress-toward-polio-eradication-worldwide-2022-2023-weekly-april-4-2024-7313278-285/) - Top 5 Takeaways Global Surveillance Enhancements: In 2022–2023, 71.4% of 28 priority countries met national acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicator targets, and environmental surveillance sites increased, supporting the global polio eradication efforts. Continued Wild Poliovirus Circulation: Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) transmission persisted in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with no WPV1 cases detected outside these - [Epi Explained: Understanding Person-Years](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-person-years/) - Person-years, often encountered in epidemiology and various forms of biomedical and public health research, stands as a pivotal concept that enables researchers to quantify the amount of time that study participants spend in a study. This entry of Epi Explained will cover the basics of what Person-Years are, and how they can be used. Introduction - [MMWR Booster for: Extreme Heat Exposure: Access and Barriers to Cooling Centers — Maricopa and Yuma Counties, Arizona, 2010–2020 / Weekly / June 17, 2022 / 71(24);781–785](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-extreme-heat-exposure-access-and-barriers-to-cooling-centers-maricopa-and-yuma-counties-arizona-2010-2020-weekly-june-17-2022-7124781-785/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Heat Exposure and Illnesses: Maricopa and Yuma counties in Arizona saw an increase in heat exposure and heat-related illnesses (HRIs) from 2010 to 2020, with a significant impact on older adults (≥65 years). Higher Risk Among Older Adults: Adults aged ≥65 years experienced higher rates of HRI hospitalizations compared to those - [MMWR Booster for: HIV Testing Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, 2019–2020 / Weekly / June 24, 2022 / 71(25);820–824](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hiv-testing-before-and-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-2019-2020-weekly-june-24-2022-7125820-824/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decline in HIV Testing and Diagnoses: From 2019 to 2020, there was a 17% decrease in new HIV diagnoses reported to the CDC, accompanying a significant decline in HIV testing, particularly among priority populations. Impact of COVID-19 on Health Services: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health care delivery, affecting access to HIV testing - [MMWR Booster for: Hospitalization and Emergency Department Encounters for COVID-19 After Paxlovid Treatment — California, December 2021–May 2022 / Weekly / June 24, 2022 / 71(25);830-833](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hospitalization-and-emergency-department-encounters-for-covid-19-after-paxlovid-treatment-california-december-2021-may-2022-weekly-june-24-2022-7125830-8/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Incidence of Severe Illness Post-Paxlovid: Hospitalizations or ED encounters for COVID-19 within 5-15 days after Paxlovid treatment were rare, occurring in - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines in Children Aged 6 Months–5 Years — United States, June 2022 / Weekly / July 1, 2022 / 71(26);859–868](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/interim-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-for-use-of-moderna-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines-in-children-aged-6-months-5-years-united-states/) - Top 5 Takeaways FDA Approvals and ACIP Recommendations: The FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations for the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines for children aged 6 months–5 years and 6 months–4 years, respectively. Following these approvals, the ACIP recommended their use for preventing COVID-19 in these age groups, emphasizing that the benefits outweigh the risks. Vaccination - [MMWR Booster for: Dispensing of Oral Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of COVID-19 by Zip Code–Level Social Vulnerability — United States, December 23, 2021–May 21, 2022 / Weekly / June 24, 2022 / 71(25);825-829](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-dispensing-of-oral-antiviral-drugs-for-treatment-of-covid-19-by-zip-code-level-social-vulnerability-united-states-december-23-2021-may-21-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Lagevrio and Paxlovid showed effectiveness in preventing hospitalization and death. These oral antiviral drugs have been crucial for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at risk for progression to severe disease when initiated within 5 days of symptom onset. Disparities in dispensing rates across zip codes. Despite over a million - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Analysis of Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Children Aged <10 Years — United States, October 2021–June 2022 / Weekly / July 1, 2022 / 71(26);852–858](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-analysis-of-acute-hepatitis-of-unknown-etiology-in-children-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant number of pediatric hepatitis cases: From October 1, 2021, to June 15, 2022, 296 pediatric patients in the U.S. were diagnosed with hepatitis of unknown etiology, with adenovirus detected in 45% of cases. Severe outcomes in some cases: Among the cases, 89.9% were hospitalized, 6.1% required a liver transplant, and 3.7% - [MMWR Booster for: Anemia Among Pregnant Women Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children — United States, 2008–2018 / Weekly / June 24, 2022 / 71(25);813–819](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-anemia-among-pregnant-women-participating-in-the-special-supplemental-nutrition-program-for-women-infants-and-children-united-states-2008-2018-weekly-june-24/) - Top 5 Takeaways Anemia prevalence increased among pregnant WIC participants. From 2008 to 2018, there was a 13% increase in anemia prevalence among pregnant women enrolled in WIC, from 10.1% to 11.4%. Significant racial disparities in anemia prevalence. In 2018, non-Hispanic Black or African American pregnant women experienced higher anemia prevalence overall and particularly during - [MMWR Booster for: Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths — United States and 28 Other High-Income Countries, 2015 and 2019 / Weekly / July 1, 2022 / 71(26);837–843](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-motor-vehicle-crash-deaths-united-states-and-28-other-high-income-countries-2015-and-2019-weekly-july-1-2022-7126837-843/) - Top 5 Takeaways The highest motor vehicle crash death rate among high-income countries: In 2019, the United States had the highest population-based motor vehicle crash death rate (11.1 per 100,000 population) among 29 high-income countries. Stagnant reduction efforts in the U.S.: Unlike 22 other countries that saw a decrease in motor vehicle crash death rates - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Effectiveness of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Immunocompromising Conditions — VISION Network, September 2023–February 2024 / Weekly / March 28, 2024 / 73(12);271–276](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-effectiveness-of-updated-2023-2024-monovalent-xbb-1-5-covid-19-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-among-adults-aged-≥18-years-with/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Protection for Immunocompromised Adults: The updated 2023–2024 (monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 vaccine offers increased protection against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations for adults aged ≥18 years with immunocompromising conditions. Low Uptake of the Updated Vaccine: Despite being at higher risk for severe COVID-19, only 18% of the studied high-risk population had received the updated COVID-19 - [MMWR Booster for: Tuberculosis — United States, 2023 / Weekly / March 28, 2024 / 73(12);265–270](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-tuberculosis-united-states-2023-weekly-march-28-2024-7312265-270/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased TB Case Counts Across All Groups: In 2023, the U.S. saw an increase in tuberculosis (TB) cases across all age groups, U.S.-born and non-U.S.–born persons, and most reporting jurisdictions, marking a significant rise from 8,320 cases in 2022 to 9,615 cases in 2023. Higher TB Rates in 2023: The TB rate - [MMWR Booster for: Implications of Measles Inclusion by Commercial Syndromic Polymerase Chain Reaction Panels — United States, May 2022–April 2023 / Weekly / March 28, 2024 / 73(12);260–264](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-implications-of-measles-inclusion-by-commercial-syndromic-polymerase-chain-reaction-panels-united-states-may-2022-april-2023-weekly-march-28-2024-731226/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Detection of Measles Vaccine Virus: Approximately 1% of syndromic PCR panels conducted by a commercial laboratory tested positive for measles, mainly in children recently vaccinated against measles. Public Health Response Considerations: Positive measles results after vaccination should be reported to public health agencies to assess the need for public health response, - [MMWR Booster for: Ceftriaxone-Resistant Gonorrhea — China, 2022 / Weekly / March 28, 2024 / 73(12);255–259](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-ceftriaxone-resistant-gonorrhea-china-2022-weekly-march-28-2024-7312255-259/) - Top 5 Takeaways Growing resistance: The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, particularly to ceftriaxone, has significantly increased in China from 2017 to 2022, with resistance to ceftriaxone approximately tripling. Geographical variation: Resistance rates varied by geographic region, with some provinces reporting more than 10% resistance to ceftriaxone, indicating a significant public health challenge. - [MMWR Booster for: Birth Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease and County-Level Social Vulnerability — Sickle Cell Data Collection Program, 11 States, 2016–2020 / Weekly / March 28, 2024 / 73(12);248–254](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-birth-prevalence-of-sickle-cell-disease-and-county-level-social-vulnerability-sickle-cell-data-collection-program-11-states-2016-2020-weekly-march-28-2024/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Birth Prevalence in Black Newborns: The study found a sickle cell disease (SCD) birth prevalence of 28.54 per 10,000 (one in every 350) non-Hispanic Black newborns across 11 states. Significant Social Vulnerability: Approximately two-thirds of mothers of newborns with SCD resided in counties with high or very high social vulnerability, indicating - [MMWR Booster for: Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guideline for Testing of Transplant Candidates Aged <12 Years for Infection with HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus — United States, 2022 / Weekly / July 1, 2022 / 71(26);844–846](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-updated-u-s-public-health-service-guideline-for-testing-of-transplant-candidates-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Exemption for Certain Pediatric Transplant Candidates: Children under 12 years old who have undergone postnatal infectious disease testing are now exempt from pretransplant testing for HIV, HBV, and HCV during hospital admission, addressing concerns over blood volume loss. Background and Need for Update: The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) revised its 2020 - [Epi Explained: Understanding SIR Models](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-sir-models/) - The Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model stands as a cornerstone in epidemic modeling, providing a mathematical framework to describe the spread of infectious diseases within a population. This model not only encapsulates the transition of individuals through different stages of an infection but also aids in understanding the dynamics of disease spread and the potential impact of - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Vaccine Provider Availability and Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 5–11 Years — United States, November 1, 2021–April 25, 2022 / Weekly / July 1, 2022 / 71(26);847–851](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-vaccine-provider-availability-and-vaccination-coverage-among-children-aged-5-11-years-united-states-november-1-2021-april-25-2022-weekly-jul/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread Provider Availability: As of April 25, 2022, 87.5% of U.S. counties had at least one active COVID-19 vaccine provider for children aged 5–11, primarily pharmacies and public health clinics. Association Between Provider Availability and Vaccination Coverage: The presence of vaccine providers, especially pediatric clinics, in a county was linked to higher - [MMWR Booster for: County-Level Social Vulnerability and Emergency Department Visits for Firearm Injuries — 10 U.S. Jurisdictions, January 1, 2018–December 31, 2021 / Weekly / July 8, 2022 / 71(27);873–877](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-county-level-social-vulnerability-and-emergency-department-visits-for-firearm-injuries-10-u-s-jurisdictions-january-1-2018-december-31-2021-weekly-july-8-2/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher social vulnerability linked to increased firearm injury ED visits: Counties with higher overall social vulnerability experienced higher rates of emergency department (ED) visits for firearm injuries. Impact of socioeconomic status and housing: The study observed significant patterns related to socioeconomic status and housing type and transportation, highlighting how these factors contribute - [MMWR Booster for: Factors Associated with Severe Outcomes Among Immunocompromised Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 10 States, March 2020–February 2022 / Weekly / July 8, 2022 / 71(27);878–884](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-factors-associated-with-severe-outcomes-among-immunocompromised-adults-hospitalized-for-covid-19-covid-net-10-states-march-2020-february-2022-weekly-july-8-2/) - Top 5 Takeaways Immunocompromised patients represented a significant portion of COVID-19 hospitalizations. Accounting for 12.2% of adult COVID-19 hospitalizations across 10 states, immunocompromised patients had increased odds of ICU admission and in-hospital death compared with nonimmunocompromised patients, regardless of vaccination status. Vaccination status and severe outcomes among immunocompromised. Among vaccinated patients, immunocompromised individuals had higher - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis at a Correctional Facility Using Mechanically Separated Chicken — Nebraska, 2022 / Weekly / July 15, 2022 / 71(28);908–909](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-outbreak-of-salmonella-enteritidis-at-a-correctional-facility-using-mechanically-separated-chicken-nebraska-2022-weekly-july-15-2022-712890/) - Top 5 Takeaways Identification of the Outbreak: On January 14, 2022, two inmates at a Nebraska correctional facility were diagnosed with Salmonella Enteritidis, prompting an investigation that linked the outbreak to consumption of mechanically separated chicken. Extent of the Outbreak: Approximately 100 inmates exhibited symptoms, with 15 cases (5 confirmed and 10 probable) directly linked - [MMWR Booster for: Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Response to the Monkeypox Outbreak — Laboratory Response Network, United States, May 17–June 30, 2022 / Weekly / July 15, 2022 / 71(28);904-907](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-rapid-diagnostic-testing-for-response-to-the-monkeypox-outbreak-laboratory-response-network-united-states-may-17-june-30-2022-weekly-july-15-2022-71289/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Testing Capacity and Results: The Laboratory Response Network (LRN) tested 2,009 specimens for monkeypox, identifying 730 (36.3%) positive cases from 395 patients, with 159 confirmed by the CDC as monkeypox. Expansion of Testing Capabilities: LRN expanded its testing capacity significantly from 8,000 to approximately 24,000 tests per week by June 30, - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Expanded Laboratory Testing for Varicella — Minnesota, 2016–2023 / Weekly / March 21, 2024 / 73(11);245–246](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-expanded-laboratory-testing-for-varicella-minnesota-2016-2023-weekly-march-21-2024-7311245-246/) - Top 5 Takeaways Expansion of Laboratory Testing: In December 2016, the Minnesota Department of Health expanded laboratory testing for varicella, showing that among 208 patients with a clinical diagnosis, 45% tested positive for varicella-zoster virus (VZV), highlighting the importance of laboratory confirmation in diagnosing varicella. Vaccine Impact on Diagnosis: The detection of VZV was significantly - [MMWR Booster for: Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, 2019–2021 / Weekly / March 21, 2024 / 73(11);239–244](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-surveillance-for-coccidioidomycosis-histoplasmosis-and-blastomycosis-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-2019-2021-weekly-march-21-2024-7311239/) - Top 5 Takeaways Case Counts Fluctuated During the Pandemic: Coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis case counts dropped in 2020 compared to 2019, but saw an increase in 2021. A notable high blastomycosis case fatality rate of 17% in 2021 and atypical seasonality in 2020 across all diseases suggest impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in Healthcare Behavior: - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric HIV Case Identification Across 22 PEPFAR-Supported Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic, October 2019–September 2020 / Weekly / July 15, 2022 / 71(28);894–898](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-hiv-case-identification-across-22-pepfar-supported-countries-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-october-2019-september-2020-weekly-july-15-2022-7128894/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in HIV Testing and Case Identification: The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic saw a 40.1% decrease in HIV testing and a 29.4% decrease in case identification among children and adolescents aged 1–14 years across 22 PEPFAR-supported (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) countries. Shifts in Testing Strategies: While outpatient - [MMWR Booster for: Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Update — U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 36 Countries, 2016–2023 / Weekly / March 21, 2024 / 73(11);233–238](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-tuberculosis-preventive-treatment-update-u-s-presidents-emergency-plan-for-aids-relief-36-countries-2016-2023-weekly-march-21-2024-7311233/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Scale-Up in TB Preventive Treatment: From October 2016 to October 2023, about 13 million ART clients completed Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (TPT) across 36 countries supported by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). High Completion and Initiation Rates: TPT completion rates have reached up to 87%, while initiation rates - [ThuRsday Tutorial: How to Calculate Relative Risk in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-relative-risk-in-r/) - Introduction to Relative Risk Relative Risk (RR) is one of the most fundamental measures in public health, offering insights into the strength of association between an exposure (like smoking) and an outcome (such as lung cancer). Here, we'll quickly cover what Relative Risk is, and how to calculate it in R. Understanding the Mathematical Concept - [Epi Explained: Understanding Relative Risk](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-relative-risk/) - Relative risk (RR), also known as risk ratio, is a cornerstone concept in epidemiology and public health, offering insight into the strength of the association between an exposure and an outcome. This Epi Explained will cover what Relative Risk is, how to calculate it, and provide some practice problems so you can check your understanding. - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine First Booster Doses Among Persons Aged ≥12 Years with Presumed Immunocompromise Status — United States, January 12, 2022–March 28, 2022 / Weekly / July 15, 2022 / 71(28);899–903](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-first-booster-doses-among-persons-aged-≥12-years-with-presumed-immunocompromise-status-united-states-january-12-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Reduced Reactions Post-Booster: Immunocompromised individuals aged ≥12 years reported fewer local and systemic reactions after the fourth dose (mRNA booster) compared to after the third dose of the primary series. Rarity of Serious Adverse Events: Among this population, only 17 serious adverse events were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Drug Overdose Deaths, by Selected Sociodemographic and Social Determinants of Health Characteristics — 25 States and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020 / Weekly / July 22, 2022 / 71(29);940–947](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-drug-overdose-deaths-by-selected-sociodemographic-and-social-determinants-of-health-characteristics-25-states-and-the-district-of-columbia-2019-2020/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disproportionate Increases Among Black and AI/AN Persons: From 2019 to 2020, overdose death rates soared by 44% for Black individuals and by 39% for AI/AN individuals, compared to a 22% increase for White individuals. Inequality Exacerbates Overdose Rates: Areas with higher county-level income inequality witnessed more pronounced increases in overdose death rates, - [MMWR Booster for: Public Health Surveillance and Reporting for Human Toxoplasmosis — Six States, 2021 / Weekly / July 15, 2022 / 71(28);889–893](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-public-health-surveillance-and-reporting-for-human-toxoplasmosis-six-states-2021-weekly-july-15-2022-7128889-893/) - Top 5 Takeaways Variability in Case Definitions: The report highlights the significant variation in toxoplasmosis case definitions across six states, affecting disease estimates and comparisons. Challenges in Surveillance: Identifying newly acquired cases is difficult due to asymptomatic acute cases in immunocompetent individuals, reactivations in immunocompromised persons, and late manifestations of congenital infections. Importance of Standardized - [MMWR Booster for: Symptoms of Mental Health Conditions and Suicidal Ideation Among State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Public Health Workers — United States, March 14–25, 2022 / Weekly / July 22, 2022 / 71(29);925–930](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-symptoms-of-mental-health-conditions-and-suicidal-ideation-among-state-tribal-local-and-territorial-public-health-workers-united-states-march-14-25-2022-week/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Mental Health Conditions: Among 26,069 surveyed STLT public health workers in 2022, notable percentages reported symptoms of depression (27.7%), anxiety (27.9%), PTSD (28.4%), and suicidal ideation (8.1%). Impact of COVID-19 Response Work: Workers with more weekly work hours and those dedicating more time to COVID-19 activities were more likely - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated — VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021–June 2022 / Weekly / July 22, 2022 / 71(29);931–939](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-2-3-and-4-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-doses-among-immunocompetent-adults-during-periods-when-sars-cov-2-omicron-ba-1-and-ba-2-ba-2-12-1-sublineages-predominated/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) varies with dose number and Omicron sublineage. VE was generally lower during the Omicron BA.2/BA.2.12.1 period compared to the BA.1 period. A third dose improved protection across all age groups, and a fourth dose offered additional benefits for those ≥50 years. Recommendation for booster doses. Immunocompetent individuals are encouraged - [MMWR Booster for: User Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Second Booster Doses Among Adults Aged ≥50 Years — United States, March 29, 2022–July 10, 2022 / Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);971–976](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-user-safety-monitoring-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-second-booster-doses-among-adults-aged-≥50-years-united-states-march-29-2022-july-10-2022-weekly-july/) - Top 5 Takeaways Reduction in Adverse Reactions: Among adults aged ≥50 years, adverse reactions were less frequent following a second mRNA COVID-19 booster dose compared to the first booster dose. High Volume of Second Booster Doses: Approximately 16.8 million persons aged ≥50 years in the U.S. received a fourth dose of a COVID-19 vaccine during - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Cluster of Parechovirus Central Nervous System Infections in Young Infants — Tennessee, 2022 Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);977–978](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-cluster-of-parechovirus-central-nervous-system-infections-in-young-infants-tennessee-2022weekly-july-29-2022-7130977-978/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Identification: Between April 12 and May 24, 2022, 23 previously healthy infants aged 5 days to 3 months were admitted with human parechovirus (PeV) meningoencephalitis to a Tennessee children's hospital. Diagnostic Practices: The hospital employed lumbar puncture for sepsis evaluation in infants - [How to Install Python and a Python IDE](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/how-to-install-python-and-a-python-ide/) - In this article, we will quickly cover how to download and install Python, as well as one of it's most robust IDEs, Pycharm. - [How to Read Excel Files in R (CSV and XLSX)](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/read-csv-and-excel-data-in-r/) - In this article, we will cover how to read in simple CSV files into RStudio, as well as how to use R to work with more complex XSLX files. - [Exploratory Data Analysis in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/exploratory-data-analysis-in-r/) - In this post, we'll cover how to do basic Exploratory Data Analysis in R, as well as how to create some interactive visualizations. - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Measles Outbreak — Cook County, Illinois, October–November 2023, Weekly / March 14, 2024 / 73(10);229–230](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-measles-outbreak-cook-county-illinois-october-november-2023-weekly-march-14-2024-7310229-230/) - Top 5 Takeaways Five measles cases in unvaccinated children: Occurred in children aged 1–9 years living in the same apartment building in Cook County, Illinois, highlighting measles' high contagion among unvaccinated populations. Significant exposure risk: Approximately 400 people were exposed to measles, including vulnerable populations such as children under 1 year and immunosuppressed children. Complexity - [MMWR Booster for: Surveillance of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water — United States, 2015–2020 , Surveillance Summaries / March 14, 2024 / 73(1);1–23](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-surveillance-of-waterborne-disease-outbreaks-associated-with-drinking-water-united-states-2015-2020-surveillance-summaries-march-14-2024-7311-23/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Legionella Impact: Legionella was the predominant cause of reported drinking water outbreaks, accounting for 86% of biofilm-associated outbreaks, highlighting a growing concern over its presence in public water systems. High Incidence in Public Systems: Public (community and noncommunity) water systems were implicated in 80% of the outbreaks, emphasizing the need for - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Surveillance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children — United States, 2023 , Weekly / March 14, 2024 / 73(10);225–228](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-surveillance-for-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-united-states-2023-weekly-march-14-2024-7310225-228/) - Top 5 Takeaways Continued incidence but decreasing trend of MIS-C: While the incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) has decreased significantly from its peak early in the COVID-19 pandemic, cases continue to occur, notably after periods of increased COVID-19 activity. High need for intensive care: About half of the reported MIS-C patients required - [MMWR Booster for: Outbreak Linked to Morel Mushroom Exposure — Montana, 2023, Weekly / March 14, 2024 / 73(10);219–224](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-outbreak-linked-to-morel-mushroom-exposure-montana-2023-weekly-march-14-2024-7310219-224/) - Top 5 Takeaways Identification of Outbreak Source: Morel mushrooms were identified as the likely source of a gastrointestinal illness outbreak in Montana, emphasizing the importance of proper mushroom preparation. Case-Control Study Findings: A case-control study revealed a strong association between the consumption of raw morel mushrooms and illness, highlighting a dose-response relationship. Public Health Response: - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate T-Tests in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-t-tests-in-python/) - T-tests are a fundamental statistical tool used in various fields, including public health, to compare the means of two groups. Essentially, a T-test helps determine whether the observed differences in data sets (such as rates of a disease, responses to a treatment, or other health indicators) are statistically significant or likely due to chance. This - [Epi Explained: Understanding T-Tests](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-t-tests/) - T-tests are a foundational tool in statistics and public health, enabling researchers to make inferences about population means when the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small. This entry of Epi Explained delves into the intricacies of T-tests, covering their types, applications, and the mathematical principles in a way that should - [ThuRsday Tutorial: How to run a T-Test in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-how-to-run-a-t-test-in-r/) - T-tests are a fundamental statistical tool used in various fields, including public health, to compare the means of two groups. Essentially, a T-test helps determine whether the observed differences in data sets (such as rates of a disease, responses to a treatment, or other health indicators) are statistically significant or likely due to chance. This - [MMWR Booster: Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Second Booster Doses Among Adults Aged ≥50 Years — United States, March 29, 2022–July 10, 2022 / Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);971–976](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-safety-monitoring-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-second-booster-doses-among-adults-aged-≥50-years-united-states-march-29-2022-july-10-2022-weekly-july-29-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decreased adverse reactions after second booster: Among individuals ≥50 years who received homologous mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, both injection site and systemic reactions were reported less frequently after a second booster dose compared to after the first booster dose. High percentage of nonserious events reported to VAERS: The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System - [MMWR Booster for: Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022–23 Influenza Vaccine — United States, 2021–22 Season / Weekly / July 22, 2022 / 71(29);913–919](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-influenza-activity-and-composition-of-the-2022-23-influenza-vaccine-united-states-2021-22-season-weekly-july-22-2022-7129913-919/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low severity and unusual pattern: The 2021–22 influenza season was characterized by low severity, with activity spanning from October 2021 through mid-June 2022, showcasing two distinct waves of influenza A, primarily A(H3N2) viruses. Continuous surveillance and vaccination: Due to atypical influenza activity timing and an ongoing outbreak of avian A(H5N1), continuous surveillance - [MMWR Booster for: Chronic Conditions Among Adults Aged 18─34 Years — United States, 2019 / Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);964–970](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-chronic-conditions-among-adults-aged-18─34-years-united-states-2019-weekly-july-29-2022-7130964-970/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Chronic Conditions: In 2019, 53.8% of young adults (18-34 years) had at least one chronic condition, and 22.3% had multiple conditions, highlighting a significant public health concern. Common Conditions Identified: The most prevalent chronic conditions were obesity (25.5%), depression (21.3%), and high blood pressure (10.7%), pointing to critical areas - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine in Persons Aged ≥18 years — United States, July 2022 / Weekly / August 5, 2022 / 71(31);988–992](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-recommendation-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-for-use-of-the-novavax-covid-19-vaccine-in-persons-aged-≥18-years-united-states-july-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Emergency Use Authorization Granted: The FDA issued an EUA for the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine on July 13, 2022, for primary immunization in adults aged ≥18 years. ACIP's Interim Recommendation: On July 19, 2022, the ACIP recommended the Novavax vaccine for persons aged ≥18 years as a 2-dose primary series for COVID-19 prevention. - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Emergency Department Visits for Unsupervised Pediatric Melatonin Ingestion — United States, 2019–2022 / Weekly / March 7, 2024 / 73(9);215–217](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-emergency-department-visits-for-unsupervised-pediatric-melatonin-ingestion-united-states-2019-2022-weekly-march-7-2024-739215/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Unsupervised Melatonin Ingestions: Approximately 11,000 emergency department (ED) visits for unsupervised melatonin ingestion by infants and young children occurred during 2019–2022, making up about 7% of all unsupervised medication exposure visits in this age group. Majority Involve Solid Dosage Forms: Nearly 95.7% of the ED visits were due to - [MMWR Booster for: Early Estimate of Nirsevimab Effectiveness for Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Hospitalization Among Infants Entering Their First Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season — New Vaccine Surveillance Network, October 2023–February 2024 / Weekly / March 7, 2024 / 73(9);209–214](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-early-estimate-of-nirsevimab-effectiveness-for-prevention-of-respiratory-syncytial-virus-associated-hospitalization-among-infants-entering-their-first-respiratory-syncytial-v/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Effectiveness of Nirsevimab: Nirsevimab demonstrated a 90% effectiveness in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization among infants in their first RSV season. Median Time to Symptom Onset: The median time from receipt of Nirsevimab to the onset of RSV symptoms was 45 days, with an interquartile range of 19–76 days. Public Health Implications: To - [MMWR Booster for: Racial and Ethnic Differences in Social Determinants of Health and Health-Related Social Needs Among Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2022 / Weekly / March 7, 2024 / 73(9);204–208](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-racial-and-ethnic-differences-in-social-determinants-of-health-and-health-related-social-needs-among-adults-behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system-united-states-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Social isolation and lack of support most prevalent: Social isolation or loneliness (31.9%) and lack of social and emotional support (24.8%) were the most commonly reported health-related social needs among U.S. adults. Significant racial and ethnic disparities: These issues were more prevalent among non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Black or African - [MMWR Booster for: Years of Potential Life Lost and Mean Age of Adults Experiencing Nontraumatic, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests — Chicago, 2014–2021 / Weekly / March 7, 2024 / 73(9);199–203](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-years-of-potential-life-lost-and-mean-age-of-adults-experiencing-nontraumatic-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrests-chicago-2014-2021-weekly-march-7-2024-7391/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL): YPLL increased from 52,044 years during 2014–2015 to 88,788 years during 2020–2021, indicating a significant rise in premature deaths due to nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in Chicago. Decrease in Mean Age: The mean age of individuals experiencing OHCAs in Chicago progressively decreased - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence of Self-Reported Hypertension and Antihypertensive Medication Use Among Adults — United States, 2017–2021/ Weekly/ March 7, 2024 / 73(9);191–198](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-of-self-reported-hypertension-and-antihypertensive-medication-use-among-adults-united-states-2017-2021-weekly-march-7-2024-739191-198/) - Top 5 Takeaways Stable Hypertension Prevalence: From 2017 to 2021, about one-third of U.S. adults reported having diagnosed hypertension, with no significant change in prevalence over the period. Increase in Medication Use: The prevalence of antihypertensive medication use among those with hypertension increased by approximately 3 percentage points, from 59.8% to 62.9%. Sociodemographic Disparities: Hypertension - [MMWR Booster for: Surveillance for Acute Flaccid Myelitis ― United States, 2018–2022/ February 1, 2024 / 73(4);70–76](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-surveillance-for-acute-flaccid-myelitis-―-united-states-2018-2022-february-1-2024-73470-76/) - Top 5 Takeaways AFM Case Trends Remain Low Post-2018: Confirmed cases of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) were low from 2019 to 2022, despite an increase in Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) respiratory diseases observed in 2022. Shift in Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics: Fewer AFM cases during 2019–2021 had upper limb involvement, prodromal respiratory or febrile illness, or - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infections After Cosmetic Surgery Procedures in Florida — Nine States, 2022–2023/ January 25 2024 / 73(3);66–67](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-nontuberculous-mycobacteria-infections-after-cosmetic-surgery-procedures-in-florida-nine-states-2022-2023-january-25-2024-73366/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread NTM Infections Identified: An investigation revealed 15 cases of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections across nine states in patients who had undergone cosmetic surgery at the same facility in Florida, highlighting lapses in infection control and prevention. Initial Case Sparks National Alert: The CDC and Florida Department of Health (FDOH) used the - [MMWR Booster for: Deaths of U.S. Citizens Undergoing Cosmetic Surgery — Dominican Republic, 2009–2022 / January 25, 2024 / 73(3);62–65](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-deaths-of-u-s-citizens-undergoing-cosmetic-surgery-dominican-republic-2009-2022-january-25-2024-73362-65/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Deaths Noted: The report highlights a significant increase in deaths of U.S. citizens from cosmetic surgery in the Dominican Republic, with average annual deaths rising from 4.1 (2009-2018) to 13.0 (2019-2022), peaking at 17 in 2020. Major Causes of Death: Fat or venous thromboembolism were the main causes of the 29 - [MMWR Booster for: Underuse of Antiviral Drugs to Prevent Progression to Severe COVID-19 — Veterans Health Administration, March–September 2022, Weekly / January 25, 2024 / 73(3);57–61](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-underuse-of-antiviral-drugs-to-prevent-progression-to-severe-covid-19-veterans-health-administration-march-september-2022-weekly-january-25-2024-73357/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Underutilization of Antivirals: Review of 110 immunosuppressed Veterans Health Administration patients with nonsevere COVID-19 showed 80% were not offered antiviral drugs, primarily due to mild symptoms. Reasons for Not Offering Treatment: Besides mild symptoms, reasons included symptom duration >5 days (22.7%), lack of symptoms (22.7%), and drug interaction concerns (5.7%). Missed - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence of Cardiometabolic Diseases Among Racial and Ethnic Subgroups in Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2013–2021, 01/25/2024/73(3);51–56](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-of-cardiometabolic-diseases-among-racial-and-ethnic-subgroups-in-adults-behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system-united-states-2013-2021-01-25-2024/) - Top 5 Takeaways Variation in Cardiometabolic Disease Prevalence: The study found significant variation in the prevalence of diagnosed cardiometabolic diseases (diabetes, myocardial infarction, angina or coronary heart disease, and stroke) among racial and ethnic subgroups in the U.S., with diabetes prevalence ranging from 6.3% among Vietnamese adults to 15.2% among Filipino adults. Disparities Among Hispanic - [MMWR Booster for: Outbreaks of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness Associated with a Splash Pad in a Wildlife Park — Kansas, June 2021 / Weekly / August 5, 2022 / 71(31);981–987](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/outbreaks-of-acute-gastrointestinal-illness-associated-with-a-splash-pad-in-a-wildlife-park-kansas-june-2021-weekly-august-5-2022-7131981-987/) - Top 5 Takeaways Two Distinct Outbreaks Identified: Investigations revealed two outbreaks at a Kansas wildlife park's splash pad: one shigellosis outbreak with 21 cases and a norovirus outbreak with six cases, both linked to getting splash pad water in the mouth. Contributing Factors: Inadequate disinfection, equipment, and training were identified as factors contributing to the - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus — Worldwide, 2016–2021 / Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);958–963](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-the-elimination-of-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hepatitis-b-virus-worldwide-2016-2021-weekly-july-29-2022-7130958-963/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Global Progress: From 2016 to 2020, global coverage with the third dose of hepatitis B vaccine remained stable while coverage with the hepatitis B birth dose increased, indicating progress towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV. Increased Vaccine Coverage: In 2020, 41% of countries achieved ≥90% coverage for both - [PyFriday Tutorial: How to Calculate Odds Ratio in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/pyfriday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-odds-ratio-in-python/) - Introduction Odds Ratio (OR) calculations are a cornerstone in public health research, providing insights into the strength of association between an exposure and an outcome. In this tutorial, we'll explore how what an Odds Ratio is, as well as how to calculate it in Python. Understanding Odds Ratio Odds Ratio (OR) is a measure used - [Epi Explained: Understanding Odds Ratio](https://www.broadlyepi.com/epi-explained/epi-explained-understanding-odds-ratio/) - Odds Ratio (OR) is a fundamental concept in epidemiology and statistics, providing a measure of association between exposure and outcome across different groups. This concept is pivotal in fields like medicine, public health, and social sciences, where understanding the relationship between risk factors and outcomes can guide critical decisions. This edition of Epi Explained delves - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Increase in Pediatric Intracranial Infections During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Eight Pediatric Hospitals, United States, March 2020–March 2022 / Weekly / August 5, 2022 / 71(31);1000–1001](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-increase-in-pediatric-intracranial-infections-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-eight-pediatric-hospitals-united-states-march-2020-march-2022-w/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Intracranial Infections: During the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in pediatric intracranial infections was observed, with cases often diagnosed during or after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Survey Findings: A survey conducted through the Emergency Infections Network (EIN) revealed that 43% of respondents observed an increase in - [MMWR Booster for: Post–COVID-19 Symptoms and Conditions Among Children and Adolescents — United States, March 1, 2020–January 31, 2022 / Weekly / August 5, 2022 / 71(31);993–999](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-post-covid-19-symptoms-and-conditions-among-children-and-adolescents-united-states-march-1-2020-january-31-2022-weekly-august-5-2022-7131993/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Risk for Specific Conditions: Children and adolescents with previous COVID-19 showed higher rates of acute pulmonary embolism, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, venous thromboembolic event, acute and unspecified renal failure, and type 1 diabetes compared to those without previous COVID-19. Importance of COVID-19 Prevention: The study emphasizes the critical role of COVID-19 prevention - [MMWR Booster for: Gun Carrying Among Youths, by Demographic Characteristics, Associated Violence Experiences, and Risk Behaviors — United States, 2017–2019 / Weekly / July 29, 2022 / 71(30);953–957](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-gun-carrying-among-youths-by-demographic-characteristics-associated-violence-experiences-and-risk-behaviors-united-states-2017-2019-weekly-july-29-2022-7/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Gun Carrying Among Youths: One in 15 male and one in 50 female high school students reported carrying a gun for non-recreational purposes at least once during the preceding 12 months. Association with Violence, Suicidal Ideation, and Substance Use: Gun carrying was significantly more prevalent among youths who experienced violence, - [MMWR Booster for: Notes From the Field: Overdose Deaths Involving Eutylone (Psychoactive Bath Salts) — United States, 2020 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1032–1034](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-overdose-deaths-involving-eutylone-psychoactive-bath-salts-united-states-2020-weekly-august-12-2022-71321032-1034/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rapid Increase in Eutylone Detection: From January–June 2017 to January–June 2021, eutylone detections in drug items tested by law enforcement increased from fewer than 10 to 8,379, making it the seventh most identified drug. Concentration of Deaths in the South: In 2020, 343 eutylone-involved deaths were reported, with 75.5% occurring in Florida - [MMWR Booster for: Notes From the Field: School-Based and Laboratory-Based Reporting of Positive COVID-19 Test Results Among School-Aged Children — New York, September 11, 2021–April 29, 2022 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1029–1031](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-school-based-and-laboratory-based-reporting-of-positive-covid-19-test-results-among-school-aged-children-new-york-september-11-2021-april-29/) - Top 5 Takeaways Surge in Pediatric COVID-19 Cases: During the 2021–22 school year, New York reported a total of 702,686 COVID-19 cases among children aged 5–17, with a significant increase driven by the Omicron variant transmission. Expansion of At-Home Testing: In response to the Omicron surge, state and federal authorities increased access to self-administered, at-home - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Guidance for Prevention and Treatment of Monkeypox in Persons with HIV Infection — United States, August 2022 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1023-1028](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-guidance-for-prevention-and-treatment-of-monkeypox-in-persons-with-hiv-infection-united-states-august-2022-weekly-august-12-2022-71321023-1028/) - Top 5 Takeaways Enhanced Risk for Persons with HIV: Persons with advanced HIV infection, especially those not virologically suppressed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), may face increased risk for severe monkeypox disease. Guidance on Vaccination: JYNNEOS vaccine, recommended for persons with HIV, is deemed safe and effective for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against monkeypox, without the - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Self-Test Data: Challenges and Opportunities — United States, October 31, 2021–June 11, 2022 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1005–1010](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-self-test-data-challenges-and-opportunities-united-states-october-31-2021-june-11-2022-weekly-august-12-2022-71321005-1010/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reporting Disparity: During the study period, 10.7 million self-test results were reported compared to 361.9 million laboratory-based and point-of-care test results, highlighting a vast underreporting of self-test outcomes. Demographic Reporting Similarities: The completeness of demographic reporting was comparable across self-tests and other testing methods, suggesting potential for self-tests to contribute valuable - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Hepatitis C Treatment Among Insured Adults — United States, 2019–2020 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1011-1017](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-hepatitis-c-treatment-among-insured-adults-united-states-2019-2020-weekly-august-12-2022-71321011-1017/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Treatment Rates Across Age and Insurance Types: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment rates for hepatitis C are notably low, especially among young adults aged 18–29 years and Medicaid recipients, highlighting significant disparities in access to this life-saving treatment. Impact of Medicaid Treatment Restrictions: Within Medicaid, treatment initiation is lower among persons in - [Epi Explained: Understanding Correlation](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/epi-explained-understanding-correlation/) - Correlation is a fundamental statistical concept that measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two quantitative variables. This article will demystify correlation for beginners, providing a comprehensive understanding of its mathematical and scientific principles, historical context, and some practice problems. By the end of this Epi Explained, you'll not only grasp what correlation - [ThuRsday Tutorial: How to Calculate Odds Ratio in R](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/thursday-tutorial-how-to-calculate-odds-ratio-in-r/) - Introduction Odds Ratio (OR) calculations are a cornerstone in public health research, providing insights into the strength of association between an exposure and an outcome. In this ThuRsday Tutorial, we'll explore how what an Odds Ratio is, as well as how to calculate it in R. Understanding Odds Ratio Odds Ratio (OR) is a measure - [PyFriday: How to Calculate Correlation in Python](https://www.broadlyepi.com/tutorial/pyfriday-how-to-calculate-correlation-in-python/) - Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together. In data analysis tasks, understanding correlation can often help in identifying relationships between variables. This tutorial will guide you through calculating and visualizing correlation using Python. Understanding Correlation in Epidemiology: Context and Limitations Before we cover correlation analysis in - [MMWR Booster for: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Monkeypox Cases — United States, May 17–July 22, 2022 / Weekly / August 12, 2022 / 71(32);1018-1022](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-epidemiologic-and-clinical-characteristics-of-monkeypox-cases-united-states-may-17-july-22-2022-weekly-august-12-2022-71321018-1022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Disproportionate Impact on Specific Populations: 99% of monkeypox cases occurred in men, with 94% reporting male-to-male sexual or close intimate contact. Racial and ethnic minority groups, particularly Black and Hispanic individuals, are disproportionately affected. Clinical Presentation Variances: A shift from the typical monkeypox presentation was observed, with fewer patients experiencing prodromal symptoms - [MMWR Booster for: Summary of Guidance for Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 on Individual Persons, Communities, and Health Care Systems — United States, August 2022 /Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1057-1064](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-summary-of-guidance-for-minimizing-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-individual-persons-communities-and-health-care-systems-united-states-august-2022-weekly-august-19-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Strategic Public Health Recommendations: Emphasis on vaccination and therapeutics to prevent severe illness, complemented by nonpharmaceutical interventions for exposure risk reduction and focus on high-risk individuals. Vaccination and Booster Importance: Highlighting the critical role of up-to-date vaccination, including booster doses, in reducing severe illness and death, despite disparities in booster coverage across - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 Outbreaks and Mortality Among Public Transportation Workers — California, January 2020–May 2022 /Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1052–1056](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-outbreaks-and-mortality-among-public-transportation-workers-california-january-2020-may-2022-weekly-august-19-2022-71331052-1056/) - Top 5 Takeaways Higher Incidence and Mortality in Public Transportation: Public transportation industries in California had 1.5 times the cumulative COVID-19 outbreak incidence and mortality rates compared to all industries, with the bus and urban transit industry experiencing rates 5.2 times and 1.8 times as high, respectively. Need for Priority in Prevention Strategies: The elevated - [MMWR Booster for: Public Health Response to a Case of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in an Unvaccinated Person and Detection of Poliovirus in Wastewater — New York, June–August 2022 / Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1065-1068](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-public-health-response-to-a-case-of-paralytic-poliomyelitis-in-an-unvaccinated-person-and-detection-of-poliovirus-in-wastewater-new-york-june-august-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Confirmed Case of Poliomyelitis in Unvaccinated Adult: In June 2022, an unvaccinated adult in New York developed paralytic poliomyelitis, marking a rare occurrence in the U.S., where sustained transmission has been absent for around 40 years. Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 2 Identified: The virus isolated from the patient and detected in wastewater samples - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Measles Elimination — South-East Asia Region, 2003–2020 /Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1042–1046](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-measles-elimination-south-east-asia-region-2003-2020-weekly-august-19-2022-71331042-1046/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant progress in measles vaccination coverage: From 2003 to 2020, estimated coverage for the first and second doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1 and MCV2) in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) increased from 65% to 88% and from 6% to 80%, respectively. Decline in measles incidence and deaths: Reported measles incidence declined by - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Doses Among Children Aged 5–11 Years — United States, May 17–July 31, 2022 /Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1047–1051](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-booster-doses-among-children-aged-5-11-years-united-states-may-17-july-31-2022-weekly-august-19/) - Top 5 Takeaways Similar Adverse Reaction Frequencies: Children aged 5–11 years reported local and systemic reactions to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine booster dose with similar frequency as after the second dose, but with variations in severity. Vaccine Administration Errors Most Common: The most frequently reported adverse events were related to vaccine administration errors, highlighting the - [MMWR Booster for: Donor Human Milk Use in Advanced Neonatal Care Units — United States, 2020 /Weekly / August 19, 2022 / 71(33);1037–1041](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-donor-human-milk-use-in-advanced-neonatal-care-units-united-states-2020-weekly-august-19-2022-71331037-1041/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Proportion of Hospitals Lack Donor Milk: 13.0% of U.S. hospitals with level III or IV neonatal intensive care units reported that donor milk was not available for infants with very low birthweight (VLBW). Disparities in Donor Milk Availability: Availability was higher among hospitals with a level IV unit, those with higher - [MMWR Booster for: Confirmed COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant Predominance — COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network, 14 States, June 20, 2021–May 31, 2022 /Weekly / August 26, 2022 / 71(34);1085–1091](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-confirmed-covid-19-associated-hospitalizations-among-adults-during-sars-cov-2-omicron-ba-2-variant-predominance-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-surveill/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Increase in Hospitalizations Among Older Adults: During the Omicron BA.2 variant predominance, hospitalization rates among adults aged ≥65 years showed a threefold increase, highlighting the heightened risk in this age group. Disproportionate Impact on Unvaccinated Adults: Hospitalization rates were approximately three times higher among unvaccinated adults compared to vaccinated adults, underscoring - [MMWR Booster for: High-Contact Object and Surface Contamination in a Household of Persons with Monkeypox Virus Infection — Utah, June 2022 / Weekly / August 26, 2022 / 71(34);1092-1094](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-high-contact-object-and-surface-contamination-in-a-household-of-persons-with-monkeypox-virus-infection-utah-june-2022-weekly-august-26-2022-71341092-1094/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Rate of Contamination: In a study, 70% of sampled household objects and surfaces in a home of two monkeypox patients tested positive for monkeypox virus DNA via PCR. Varied Surface Types: Contamination included all three porous items (e.g., cloth furniture, blankets), 68% of nonporous surfaces (e.g., handles, switches), and one mixed - [MMWR Booster for: Notes From the Field: Coccidioidomycosis Outbreak Among Wildland Firefighters — California, 2021 - Weekly / August 26, 2022 / 71(34);1095–1096](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-coccidioidomycosis-outbreak-among-wildland-firefighters-california-2021-weekly-august-26-2022-71341095-1096/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Identification: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) reported a coccidioidomycosis outbreak among 7 wildland firefighters from two crews exposed near the Tehachapi Mountains in June 2021, with 3 cases confirmed through laboratory tests. Risk Factors and Exposure: Confirmed cases were associated with working in dusty conditions without - [MMWR Booster for: Review of CDC’s Suspension of and Advance Written Approval Process for Dogs Entering the United States from Egypt — May 2019–December 2020 Weekly / August 26, 2022 / 71(34);1081–1084](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-review-of-cdcs-suspension-of-and-advance-written-approval-process-for-dogs-entering-the-united-states-from-egypt-may-2019-december-2020-weekly-august-26/) - Top 5 Takeaways Elimination of Dog-maintained Rabies Virus Variant (DMRVV) in the US: The US eliminated DMRVV in 2007. However, between 2015-2019, three rabid dogs were imported from Egypt, where DMRVV is endemic, highlighting the risks of reintroduction. Development of a Risk Mitigation Strategy: CDC developed a comprehensive risk mitigation strategy allowing the importation of - [MMWR Booster For: Notes from the Field: Long COVID Prevalence Among Adults — United States, 2022, 02/15/2024 / 73(6)](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-long-covid-prevalence-among-adults-united-states-2022-02-15-2024-736/) - Top 5 Takeaways Variability in Long COVID Prevalence: The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of Long COVID among adults varies significantly across U.S. states and territories, ranging from 1.9% in the U.S. Virgin Islands to 10.6% in West Virginia. Geographic Disparities: Prevalence of Long COVID exceeded 8.8% in seven states, with lower prevalences observed in New - [MMWR Booster for: Modeling the Impact of Sexual Networks in the Transmission of Monkeypox virus Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men — United States, 2022 Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1131-1135](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-modeling-the-impact-of-sexual-networks-in-the-transmission-of-monkeypox-virus-among-gay-bisexual-and-other-men-who-have-sex-with-men-united-states-2022weekly-septembe/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Impact of One-Time Partnerships: Despite accounting for less than 3% of total daily partnerships, one-time sexual partnerships are responsible for approximately 50% of daily Monkeypox virus transmission among MSM. Reduction in Transmission Through Behavioral Changes: A 40% reduction in one-time partnerships could delay the spread of monkeypox and reduce the percentage - [MMWR Booster for: Patient-Level and County-Level Trends in Nonfatal Opioid-Involved Overdose Emergency Medical Services Encounters — 491 Counties, United States, January 2018–March 2022 Weekly / August 26, 2022 / 71(34);1073–1080](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-patient-level-and-county-level-trends-in-nonfatal-opioid-involved-overdose-emergency-medical-services-encounters-491-counties-united-states-january-2018-march-202/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increasing Trend of Nonfatal Opioid Overdoses: The rate of nonfatal opioid-involved overdose EMS encounters rose on average by 4.0% quarterly from 98.1 to 179.1 per 10,000 EMS encounters during the study period. Diverse Demographic Impact: Significant increases were observed across most sociodemographic groups, with the highest rates among non-Hispanic White and Native - [MMWR Booster for: MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Overdose Deaths Involving Para-fluorofentanyl — United States, July 2020–June 2021, September 30, 2022 / 71(39);1239–1240](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-overdose-deaths-involving-para-fluorofentanyl-united-states-july-2020-june-2021-september-30-2022-71391239-1/) - Top 5 Takeaways Para-fluorofentanyl, a Schedule I illicit fentanyl analog, was involved in 2.6% (1,658) of 64,915 overdose deaths across 43 jurisdictions from July 2020 to June 2021. The number of para-fluorofentanyl-involved deaths surged by 455.3%, from 253 in the latter half of 2020 to 1,405 in the first half of 2021. This substance was - [MMWR Booster for: Respiratory Virus Surveillance Among Children with Acute Respiratory Illnesses — New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, 2016–2021, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1253–1259](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-respiratory-virus-surveillance-among-children-with-acute-respiratory-illnesses-new-vaccine-surveillance-network-united-states-2016-2021-weekly-october-7-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Extensive Surveillance: The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) conducted comprehensive surveillance of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in children across the U.S. from 2016 to 2021. Major Viruses Identified: Rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were the most frequently detected viruses. Pandemic Impact on Seasonality: There was a noticeable shift in the - [MMWR Booster for: Pediatric Brain Abscesses, Epidural Empyemas, and Subdural Empyemas Associated with Streptococcus Species — United States, January 2016–August 2022, Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1169–1173](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pediatric-brain-abscesses-epidural-empyemas-and-subdural-empyemas-associated-with-streptococcus-species-united-states-january-2016-august-2022-weekly-septembe/) - Top 5 Takeaways Case Trends: A comparative increase in pediatric brain abscesses, epidural empyemas, and subdural empyemas associated with Streptococcus species was observed in the United States from January 2016 to August 2022. After an initial decline at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, cases rose in summer 2021, peaking in March 2022 before returning - [MMWR Booster for: Health Care Personnel Exposures to Subsequently Laboratory-Confirmed Monkeypox Patients — Colorado, 2022, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1216–1219](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-health-care-personnel-exposures-to-subsequently-laboratory-confirmed-monkeypox-patients-colorado-2022-weekly-september-23-2022-71381216-1219/) - Top 5 Takeaways Among 313 Health Care Personnel (HCP) in Colorado exposed to monkeypox patients, only 23% wore all recommended Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). HCP were actively monitored for 21 days; none developed monkeypox, indicating a very low risk of transmission in healthcare settings. PPE use varied by facility, with highest adherence in sexually transmitted - [MMWR Booster for: Monkeypox in a Young Infant — Florida, 2022, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1220–1221](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monkeypox-in-a-young-infant-florida-2022-weekly-september-23-2022-71381220-1221/) - Top 5 Takeaways This MMWR article reports the youngest confirmed case of monkeypox in Florida involving an infant under 2 months old. Initial symptoms included a rash and cellulitis. After initial negative tests for other diseases, the infant's lesions tested positive for Orthopoxvirus and Monkeypox virus DNA. Treatment with oral tecovirimat and Vaccinia Immune Globulin - [MMWR Booster for: Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among U.S. Children: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022, Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1174–1181](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-use-of-15-valent-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine-among-u-s-children-updated-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways ACIP Recommendations: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) now recommends the use of the 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) for persons under 19 years, aligning with the existing PCV13 dosing and schedules. Expanded PCV15 Approval: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded the use of PCV15 to include individuals aged 6 - [MMWR Booster for: Mortality Risk Among Patients Hospitalized Primarily for COVID-19 During the Omicron and Delta Variant Pandemic Periods — United States, April 2020–June 2022, Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1182–1189](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-mortality-risk-among-patients-hospitalized-primarily-for-covid-19-during-the-omicron-and-delta-variant-pandemic-periods-united-states-april-2020-june-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Decrease in Mortality: In-hospital mortality for COVID-19 patients decreased from 15.1% during the Delta variant period to 4.9% in the later Omicron period (April–June 2022). High-Risk Groups Predominant: The majority of deaths (81.9%) during the later Omicron period occurred in adults aged ≥65 years, and 73.4% in those with three or - [MMWR Booster for: HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Persons with Monkeypox — Eight U.S. Jurisdictions, May 17–July 22, 2022, Weekly / September 9, 2022 / 71(36);1141–1147](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-infections-among-persons-with-monkeypox/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of HIV and STIs: Among 1,969 monkeypox cases in eight U.S. jurisdictions, 38% had HIV, and 41% had a diagnosed STI in the past year. Hospitalization Rates Higher for HIV-Positive Individuals: Persons with monkeypox and HIV infection had a higher hospitalization rate (8%) compared to those without HIV (3%). - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Influenza Hospitalizations and Vaccination Coverage by Race and Ethnicity—United States, 2009–10 Through 2021–22 Influenza Seasons, Weekly / October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1366–1373](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-influenza-hospitalizations-and-vaccination-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-united-states-2009-10-through-2021-22-influenza-seasons-weekly-octo/) - Top 5 Takeaways Racial and ethnic disparities in influenza hospitalizations and vaccination coverage have persisted in the U.S. from 2009–10 through 2021–22, with Black, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Hispanic adults experiencing higher hospitalization rates and lower vaccination coverage compared to White adults. Despite overall increases in adult influenza vaccination coverage from 40.5% to 49.4% - [MMWR Booster for: Strategies Adopted by Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men to Prevent Monkeypox virus Transmission — United States, August 2022 / Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1126-1130](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-strategies-adopted-by-gay-bisexual-and-other-men-who-have-sex-with-men-to-prevent-monkeypox-virus-transmission-united-states-august-2022-weekly-september-2-2022-7/) - Top 5 Takeaways Behavioral Changes Among MSM: Approximately half of the men surveyed reported reducing their number of sex partners, one-time sexual encounters, and use of dating apps to prevent monkeypox transmission. Vaccination Variability: Vaccination rates varied by race, ethnicity, and geography, with Hispanic men showing the highest rate and Black men the lowest. Higher - [MMWR Booster for: National Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years — National Immunization Survey-Teen, United States, 2021, Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1101–1108](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-national-vaccination-coverage-among-adolescents-aged-13-17-years-national-immunization-survey-teen-united-states-2021-weekly-september-2-2022-71351101/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased HPV Vaccination: In 2021, there was an increase in HPV vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years, with 76.9% having received at least one dose and 61.7% being up to date on the HPV vaccine. Stable Tdap and MenACWY Coverage: Coverage for at least one dose of Tdap and MenACWY vaccines - [MMWR Booster for: Booster COVID-19 Vaccinations Among Persons Aged ≥5 Years and Second Booster COVID-19 Vaccinations Among Persons Aged ≥50 Years — United States, August 13, 2021–August 5, 2022, Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1121–1125](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-booster-covid-19-vaccinations-among-persons-aged-≥5-years-and-second-booster-covid-19-vaccinations-among-persons-aged-≥50-years-united-states-august-13-20/) - Top 5 Takeaways Booster Dose Uptake: Approximately half of the eligible population aged ≥5 years (106.3 million out of 214.4 million) received a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose. Second Booster Dose: Among those eligible, about one-third (34.0%) of persons aged ≥50 years received a second booster dose. Variation in Coverage: Lower booster and second booster dose - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Safety Among Children Aged 6 Months–5 Years — United States, June 18, 2022–August 21, 2022, Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1115–1120](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-safety-among-children-aged-6-months-5-years-united-states-june-18-2022-august-21-2022-weekly-september-2-2022-71351115/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread Vaccine Safety in Young Children: Among children aged 6 months–5 years, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) have shown a safety profile with primarily mild to moderate local and systemic reactions. Low Incidence of Serious Adverse Events: Serious adverse events are rare, with a majority of reported effects being non-serious, including - [MMWR Booster for: Parental Intentions and Perceptions Toward COVID-19 Vaccination Among Children Aged 4 Months to 4 Years — PROTECT Cohort, Four States, July 2021–May 2022, Weekly / September 2, 2022 / 71(35);1109–1114](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-parental-intentions-and-perceptions-toward-covid-19-vaccination-among-children-aged-4-months-to-4-years-protect-cohort-four-states-july-2021-may-2022-weekly-se/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decline in Vaccination Intent and Confidence Over 3 Months: Parental intent to vaccinate children under 5 against COVID-19 and confidence in vaccine safety and effectiveness decreased within 3 months of the study. Return to Baseline Intent After 6 Months: Although there was a decline in vaccination intent and confidence initially, these returned - [MMWR Booster for: Cannabis Use Among Students in Grades 8, 10, and 12, by Sex — King County, Washington, 2008–2021, Weekly / January 18, 2024 / 73(2);27–31](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-cannabis-use-among-students-in-grades-8-10-and-12-by-sex-king-county-washington-2008-2021-weekly-january-18-2024-73227-31/) - Top 5 Takeaways Declining Cannabis Use Trends: Between 2008–2021, cannabis use among male and female students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in King County, Washington, showed a significant decline. Sex-Specific Prevalence Shift: Initially, cannabis use was higher among male students. However, in 2021, for the first time, the prevalence of current cannabis use was - [MMWR Booster for: Pseudomonas Infection Outbreak Associated with a Hotel Swimming Pool — Maine, March 2023, Weekly / January 18, 2024 / 73(2);32–36](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-pseudomonas-infection-outbreak-associated-with-a-hotel-swimming-pool-maine-march-2023-weekly-january-18-2024-73232-36/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak Identification and Response: In March 2023, Maine CDC investigated a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak at a hotel pool. Among 35 guests surveyed, 23 developed symptoms like ear pain and rash after swimming during March 4-5. Source of Infection: P. aeruginosa was identified in skin lesion cultures from three patients. SNP analysis suggested - [MMWR Booster for: Detecting Mpox Cases Through Wastewater Surveillance — United States, August 2022–May 2023, Weekly / January 18, 2024 / 73(2);37–43](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-detecting-mpox-cases-through-wastewater-surveillance-united-states-august-2022-may-2023-weekly-january-18-2024-73237-43/) - Top 5 Takeaways Effective Detection of Mpox in Wastewater: The study revealed a sensitivity of 32% in detecting a single mpox case in large population samples through wastewater surveillance. Sensitivity improved with more cases in the community. High Predictive Values: The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) for detecting mpox in wastewater were - [MMWR Booster for: Mpox Outbreak — Los Angeles County, California, May 4–August 17, 2023, Weekly / January 18, 2024 / 73(2);44–48](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-mpox-outbreak-los-angeles-county-california-may-4-august-17-2023-weekly-january-18-2024-73244-48/) - Top 5 Takeaways Rise in Mpox Cases: Los Angeles County saw an increase in mpox cases from May to August 2023, with 56 cases reported, marking a higher rate than previous months and in comparison to other U.S. regions. Vaccination Gaps: A significant number of mpox patients were not fully vaccinated, with only 29% having - [MMWR Booster for: Receipt of First and Second Doses of JYNNEOS Vaccine for Prevention of Monkeypox — United States, May 22–October 10, 2022, Weekly / October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1374–1378](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-receipt-of-first-and-second-doses-of-jynneos-vaccine-for-prevention-of-monkeypox-united-states-may-22-october-10-2022-weekly-october-28-2022-71431374/) - Top 5 Takeaways JYNNEOS Vaccine Distribution: Over 931,000 JYNNEOS vaccine doses were administered in the U.S. from May 22 to October 10, 2022, as part of the monkeypox outbreak response. Demographic Disparities: Initially, there were disparities in vaccination rates among racial and ethnic groups. However, these disparities decreased over time, with increased vaccination among Black - [MMWR Booster for: A Health Equity Approach for Implementation of JYNNEOS Vaccination at Large, Community-Based LGBTQIA+ Events — Georgia, August 27–September 5, 2022, Weekly / October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1382–1383](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-a-health-equity-approach-for-implementation-of-jynneos-vaccination-at-large-community-based-lgbtqia-events-georgia-august-27-september-5-2022-weekly-october/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Impact on MSM: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly Black MSM, were the most affected by the 2022 U.S. monkeypox outbreak. Targeted Vaccination Efforts: Georgia implemented a targeted vaccination campaign using JYNNEOS vaccine at large LGBTQIA+ events, focusing on equity in vaccine distribution. Effective Collaboration: - [MMWR Booster for: Topical Antifungal Prescribing for Medicare Part D Beneficiaries — United States, 2021, Weekly / January 11, 2024 / 73(1);1–5](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-topical-antifungal-prescribing-for-medicare-part-d-beneficiaries-united-states-2021-weekly-january-11-2024-7311-5/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Volume of Prescriptions: In 2021, 6.5 million topical antifungal prescriptions, costing $231 million, were filled for Medicare Part D beneficiaries, equating to approximately one prescription for every eight beneficiaries. Primary Prescribers: The majority of these prescriptions were written by primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, or physician assistants. Prescribing Patterns and Costs: - [MMWR Booster for: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger — United States, 2024, Weekly / January 11, 2024 / 73(1);6–10](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-recommended-immunization-schedule-for-children-and-adolescents-aged-18-years-or-younger-united-states-2024-weekly-january-1/) - Top 5 Takeaways New and Updated Vaccine Recommendations: The 2024 immunization schedule includes key changes, notably for influenza, pneumococcal vaccines, RSV monoclonal antibody (RSV-mAb), respiratory syncytial virus vaccines (RSV), COVID-19 vaccines, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), Mpox vaccine (Mpox), and meningococcal serogroups A, B, C, W, Y vaccine (MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp). Deletions from the Schedule: Diphtheria and tetanus - [MMWR Booster for: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States,Weekly / January 11, 2024 / 73(1);11–15](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-recommended-immunization-schedule-for-adults-aged-19-years-or-older-united-statesweekly-january-11-2024-73111/) - Top 5 Takeaways New and Updated Vaccine Recommendations: The 2024 schedule includes changes for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, COVID-19, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), Mpox vaccine, and meningococcal vaccines. Removal and Addition of Vaccines: MenACWY-D (Menactra) was removed due to discontinuation in the U.S., and Mpox (Jynneos), pentavalent meningococcal vaccine, and RSV vaccines were added. - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19–Related Thromboembolic Events Among Medicare Enrollees Aged ≥65 Years and Those with End Stage Renal Disease — United States, September 2022–March 2023, Weekly / January 11, 2024 / 73(1);16–23](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-bivalent-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-in-preventing-covid-19-related-thromboembolic-events-among-medicare-enrollees-aged-≥65-years-and-those-with-end-stage/) - Top 5 Takeaways Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness: The bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 47% effective in preventing thromboembolic events in immunocompetent persons aged ≥65 years and 51% effective in adults aged ≥18 years with end stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving dialysis, compared to the original monovalent vaccines. Study Population and Method: - [MMWR Booster for: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outpatient Treatment of COVID-19 ― United States, January–July 2022, October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1359–1365](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-outpatient-treatment-of-covid-19-―-united-states-january-july-2022-october-28-2022-71431359-1365/) - Top 5 Takeaways Pronounced Disparities: From April to July 2022, Paxlovid treatment among COVID-19 patients aged ≥20 years was significantly lower for Black (35.8% less) and Hispanic (29.9% less) patients compared to White and non-Hispanic patients, respectively. Increased Paxlovid Use Over Time: The percentage of COVID-19 patients treated with Paxlovid rose from 0.6% in January - [MMWR Booster for: Influenza Incidence and Vaccine Effectiveness During the Southern Hemisphere Influenza Season — Chile, 2022, Weekly / October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1353–1358](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-influenza-incidence-and-vaccine-effectiveness-during-the-southern-hemisphere-influenza-season-chile-2022-weekly-october-28-2022-71431353-1358/) - Top 5 Takeaways Influenza A(H3N2) virus, specifically clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2, emerged in Chile much earlier than in pre-pandemic seasons, resulting in 1,002 hospitalizations in 2022. The influenza vaccination was found to reduce the risk of hospitalization due to A(H3N2) by 49%. Influenza activity in 2022 was higher than in 2020–21 but lower than in pre-pandemic years, - [MMWR Booster for: Severe Monkeypox in Hospitalized Patients — United States, August 10–October 10, 2022, November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1412–1417](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-severe-monkeypox-in-hospitalized-patients-united-states-august-10-october-10-2022-november-4-2022-71441412-1417/) - Top 5 Takeaways Among 57 patients hospitalized for severe monkeypox during the study period, most were Black men with AIDS, highlighting the severe impact of monkeypox in immunocompromised individuals. Twelve patients died, with monkeypox being a cause or contributing factor in five cases. Delays in initiating monkeypox-directed therapies were noted. A high percentage of the - [MMWR Booster for: Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years with Monkeypox — United States, May 17–September 24, 2022, Weekly / November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1407–1411](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-epidemiologic-and-clinical-features-of-children-and-adolescents-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence and Demographics: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections in children and adolescents aged - [MMWR Booster for: Routine Vaccination Coverage — Worldwide, 2021, Weekly / November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1396–1400](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-routine-vaccination-coverage-worldwide-2021-weekly-november-4-2022-71441396-1400/) - Top 5 Takeaways Global Decline in Routine Vaccinations: The estimated global coverage for key vaccines, including the three-dose diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTPcv3) and the first dose of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV1), dropped to 81% in 2021, marking the lowest levels since 2008. Increased Number of Unvaccinated Children: In 2021, approximately 25.0 million children were either unvaccinated - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Booster Doses Among Persons Aged ≥12 Years — United States, August 31–October 23, 2022, Weekly / November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1401–1406](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-bivalent-covid-19-mrna-vaccine-booster-doses-among-persons-aged-≥12-years-united-states-august-31-october-23-2022-weekly-november/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Safety Profile Similar to Monovalent Boosters: Early safety findings for bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster doses in persons aged ≥12 years are consistent with those reported for monovalent boosters. High Rate of Nonserious Adverse Events: Among the 22.6 million bivalent booster doses administered, 95.5% of VAERS reports were nonserious. Most Common Adverse Events: - [MMWR Booster for: Epidemiologic Features of the Monkeypox Outbreak and the Public Health Response — United States, May 17–October 6, 2022, Weekly / November 11, 2022 / 71(45);1449–1456](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-epidemiologic-features-of-the-monkeypox-outbreak-and-the-public-health-response-united-states-may-17-october-6-2022-weekly-november-11-2022-71451449/) - Top 5 Takeaways 1. 26,384 monkeypox cases were reported in the U.S. from May 17 to October 6, 2022, with a peak in mid-to-late August. 2. Disproportionate impact on Black and Hispanic persons, and a majority of cases (95%) occurred in cisgender men, with 75% reporting male-to-male sexual contact. 3. HIV prevalence among affected individuals - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease Caused by Sudan ebolavirus — Uganda, August–October 2022, Weekly / November 11, 2022 / 71(45);1457–1459](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-outbreak-of-ebola-virus-disease-caused-by-sudan-ebolavirus-uganda-august-october-2022-weekly-november-11-2022-71451457-1459/) - Top 5 Takeaways Outbreak of Sudan ebolavirus in Uganda: From September 18 to October 31, 2022, Uganda experienced its fifth outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) caused by Sudan ebolavirus, with 130 confirmed and 18 probable cases. Initial Case and Response: The outbreak began with a 26-year-old male (patient A) with no known Ebola exposure, - [MMWR Booster for: Interim Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for the Use of Bivalent Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines — United States, October 2022, Weekly / November 11, 2022 / 71(45);1436–1441](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-interim-recommendations-from-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-for-the-use-of-bivalent-booster-doses-of-covid-19-vaccines-united-states-october-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Bivalent Booster Recommendation: In fall 2022, the CDC recommended a bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster dose for individuals aged 5 years and older, to be administered at least 2 months after completing the primary series or after receiving a monovalent booster dose. Booster Dose Composition: Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna bivalent booster vaccines contain - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence and Characteristics of Arthritis Among Caregivers — 17 States, 2017 and 2019, Weekly / November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1389–1395](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-and-characteristics-of-arthritis-among-caregivers-17-states-2017-and-2019-weekly-november-4-2022-71441389-1395/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of Arthritis Among Caregivers: Approximately one in five adults in 17 states was a caregiver during 2017 and 2019, and one in three caregivers had arthritis. Greater Prevalence Compared to Noncaregivers: The prevalence of arthritis among caregivers (35.1%) was notably higher than among noncaregivers (24.5%). Impact on Caregiving Duties: Caregivers - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis — Worldwide, January 2021–June 2022, Weekly / November 25, 2022 / 71(47);1496–1502](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-global-eradication-of-dracunculiasis-worldwide-january-2021-june-2022-weekly-november-25-2022-71471496-1502/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Reduction in Human Cases: Human dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) cases decreased to 15 in 2021 and three in the first half of 2022, continuing the decline from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986. Challenges in Animal Infections: The emergence of Guinea worm infections in dogs and other animals surpassed human - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among U.S. Infants Aged <6 Months — COVID-NET, 13 States, June 2021–August 2022, Weekly / November 11, 2022 / 71(45);1442–1448](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-associated-hospitalizations-among-u-s-infants-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Hospitalization Rates: During the Omicron variant-predominant periods, hospitalization rates among infants aged - [MMWR Booster for: Sociodemographic Variation in Early Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccine and Parental Intent and Attitudes Toward Vaccination of Children Aged 6 Months–4 Years — United States, July 1–29, 2022, Weekly / November 18, 2022 / 71(46);1479–1484](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sociodemographic-variation-in-early-uptake-of-covid-19-vaccine-and-parental-intent-and-attitudes-toward-vaccination-of-children-aged-6-months-4-years-united-states/) - Top 5 Takeaways Low Vaccination Rates Among Young Children: As of July 2022, only 4% of children aged 6 months–4 years had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Parental Openness Varies: 59% of the unvaccinated children had parents open to vaccination, while 37% had parents reluctant to vaccinate. Influence of Sociodemographic Factors: - [MMWR Booster for: Perception of Local COVID-19 Transmission and Use of Preventive Behaviors Among Adults with Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Illinois and Michigan, June 1–July 31, 2022, Weekly / November 18, 2022 / 71(46);1471–1478](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-perception-of-local-covid-19-transmission-and-use-of-preventive-behaviors-among-adults-with-recent-sars-cov-2-infection-illinois-and-michigan-june-1-july-31/) - Top 5 Takeaways Perception vs Reality: Half of the surveyed adults in Michigan and Illinois who had recent SARS-CoV-2 infections perceived local COVID-19 transmission as low or moderate, despite high actual transmission rates. Behavioral Impact: Higher perceived local COVID-19 transmission correlated with increased adoption of preventive behaviors like mask-wearing, limiting travel, and avoiding crowds. Demographic - [MMWR Booster for: Detection of Higher Cycle Threshold Values in Culturable SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 Sublineage Compared with Pre-Omicron Variant Specimens — San Francisco Bay Area, California, July 2021—March 2022 / Weekly / September 9, 2022 / 71(36);1151–1154](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-detection-of-higher-cycle-threshold-values-in-culturable-sars-cov-2-omicron-ba-1-sublineage-compared-with-pre-omicron-variant-specimens-san-francisco-bay-area-california/) - Top 5 Takeaways Omicron BA.1 Shows Higher Ct Values: The Omicron BA.1 sublineage exhibited higher cycle threshold (Ct) values compared to pre-Omicron variants, indicating lower RNA levels in nasal swabs. Culturable Virus in Omicron Infections: Despite higher Ct values, culturable SARS-CoV-2 virus was still detected in Omicron BA.1 infections, challenging the consistency of Ct values - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Nitazene-Related Deaths — Tennessee, 2019–2021/ Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1196–119](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-nitazene-related-deaths-tennessee-2019-2021-weekly-september-16-2022-71371196-119/) - Top 5 Takeaways Nitazene Potency and Prevalence: Nitazenes, potent illicit synthetic opioids, have been increasingly found in toxicology reports and death certificates, with some analogs more potent than fentanyl. Surveillance Data Analysis: Analysis of Tennessee State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (TN SUDORS) data from 2019–2021 revealed 52 nitazene-related deaths, with a significant increase in - [MMWR Booster for: Orthopoxvirus Testing Challenges for Persons in Populations at Low Risk or Without Known Epidemiologic Link to Monkeypox— United States, 2022 Weekly / September 9, 2022 / 71(36);1155–1158](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-orthopoxvirus-testing-challenges-for-persons-in-populations-at-low-risk-or-without-known-epidemiologic-link-to-monkeypox-united-states-2022weekly-september-9-2022-71/) - Top 5 Takeaways Identification of False-Positive Results: The report highlights three cases of false-positive Orthopoxvirus PCR test results in individuals with atypical rashes and no epidemiologic link to monkeypox, emphasizing the need for cautious interpretation of test results. High Cycle Threshold (Ct) Values: In all three cases, the initial positive tests had high Ct values - [MMWR Booster for: Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2022, Weekly / November 11, 2022 / 71(45):1429–1435](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-tobacco-product-use-among-middle-and-high-school-students-united-states-2022-weekly-november-11-2022-71451429-1435/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Use: In 2022, approximately 11.3% of U.S. middle and high school students reported current use of any tobacco product, with higher usage among high school students. E-cigarettes Most Common: E-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among both middle and high school students. Demographic Disparities: Higher current use of - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination — Worldwide, 2000–2021 Weekly / November 25, 2022 / 71(47);1489–1495](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-regional-measles-elimination-worldwide-2000-2021weekly-november-25-2022-71471489-1495/) - Top 5 Takeaways Global Impact of Measles Vaccination: From 2000 to 2021, measles vaccination averted an estimated 56 million deaths globally. Despite this success, measles vaccination coverage has declined, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Decreasing Vaccine Coverage: In 2021, only 81% of children received their first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1), the lowest since 2008, - [MMWR Booster for: Clinical Use of Tecovirimat (Tpoxx) for Treatment of Monkeypox Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol — United States, May–August 2022, Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1190–1195](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-clinical-use-of-tecovirimat-tpoxx-for-treatment-of-monkeypox-under-an-investigational-new-drug-protocol-united-states-may-august-2022-weekly-september-16/) - Top 5 Takeaways Widespread Use and Tolerability: Tecovirimat (Tpoxx), initially FDA-approved for smallpox, was used under an Expanded Access Investigational New Drug protocol to treat 549 monkeypox patients in the U.S., with a high oral outpatient administration rate (99.8%) and few reported adverse events. Demographics and Outcomes: The majority of patients were men (97.7%), with - [MMWR Booster for: Detection of a Highly Divergent Type 3 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in a Child with a Severe Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder — Chongqing, China, 2022, Weekly / September 9, 2022 / 71(36);1148–1150](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-detection-of-a-highly-divergent-type-3-vaccine-derived-poliovirus-in-a-child-with-a-severe-primary-immunodeficiency-disorder-chongqing-china-2022-weekly-september/) - Top 5 Takeaways A rare case of type 3 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (VDPV3) was detected in an infant with a primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) in Chongqing, China. Surveillance for poliovirus in PID patients has led to increased detection of immunodeficiency-related VDPV (iVDPV) cases, highlighting the importance of integrated poliovirus surveillance. Children with PIDs can excrete VDPVs, - [MMWR Booster for: Suicides Among American Indian or Alaska Native Persons — National Violent Death Reporting System, United States, 2015–2020, Weekly / September 16, 2022 / 71(37);1161–1168](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-suicides-among-american-indian-or-alaska-native-persons-national-violent-death-reporting-system-united-states-2015-2020-weekly-september-16-2022-71371161/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Suicide Rates: Suicide rates among non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons increased by nearly 20% from 2015 to 2020, a significant rise compared to the less than 1% increase in the overall U.S. population. Higher Odds of Relationship and Substance Use Problems: AI/AN suicide decedents had higher odds of - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Norovirus Outbreaks Reported Through NoroSTAT — 12 States, August 2012–July 2022, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1222–1224](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-norovirus-outbreaks-reported-through-norostat-12-states-august-2012-july-2022-weekly-september-23-2022-71381222-1224/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decline and Resurgence: The incidence of norovirus outbreaks in the United States significantly declined in April 2020, likely due to COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions. However, outbreaks increased rapidly from January 2022, approaching pre-pandemic levels. NoroSTAT Network: Established in 2012, NoroSTAT, a collaboration between CDC and 12 state health departments, enhances the surveillance for - [MMWR Booster for: Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Among Rafters and Backpackers in the Backcountry of Grand Canyon National Park, April–June 2022, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1207–1211](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-outbreak-of-acute-gastroenteritis-among-rafters-and-backpackers-in-the-backcountry-of-grand-canyon-national-park-april-june-2022-weekly-september-23-2022-71381207/) - Top 5 Takeaways Largest Recorded Outbreak: This was the largest documented outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in the Grand Canyon National Park's backcountry, affecting at least 222 rafters and backpackers, likely due to norovirus. Key Public Health Responses: Effective partnerships with river outfitters and National Park staff facilitated the implementation of control measures, including rapid case - [MMWR Booster for: Two Cases of Monkeypox-Associated Encephalomyelitis — Colorado and the District of Columbia, July–August 2022, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1212–1215](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-two-cases-of-monkeypox-associated-encephalomyelitis-colorado-and-the-district-of-columbia-july-august-2022-weekly-september-23-2022-71381212/) - Top 5 Takeaways This report details two cases of encephalomyelitis associated with monkeypox (MPXV) infections in previously healthy gay men in Colorado and DC. Both cases showed neurological complications, including extremity weakness, urinary retention, and cognitive decline, following MPXV infection. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with demyelination and encephalomyelitis in both cases, but - [MMWR Booster for: Clusters of Rapid HIV Transmission Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men — United States, 2018–2021, Weekly / September 23, 2022 / 71(38);1201–1206](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-clusters-of-rapid-hiv-transmission-among-gay-bisexual-and-other-men-who-have-sex-with-men-united-states-2018-2021-weekly-september-23-2022-71381201/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence and Demographics: The majority of large HIV molecular clusters with rapid transmission are primarily among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), with clusters found in all geographic regions of the U.S. Cluster Characteristics: These clusters exhibit rapid growth, varying demographic characteristics, and significantly higher transmission rates - [MMWR Booster for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine (PRIORIX): Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — United States, 2022, Weekly / November 18, 2022 / 71(46);1465–1470](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-priorix-recommendations-of-the-advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices-united-states-2022-weekly-november-18-2022-71461465/) - Top 5 Takeaways 1. PRIORIX, a new MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine, has been licensed and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) in the United States as an additional option alongside the existing M-M-R II vaccine. 2. The ACIP's recommendation is based on a systematic review of PRIORIX's safety and immunogenicity, - [MMWR Booster for: SARS-CoV-2 Serology and Self-Reported Infection Among Adults — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, August 2021–May 2022, December 2, 2022 / 71(48);1522–1525](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-sars-cov-2-serology-and-self-reported-infection-among-adults-national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey-united-states-august-2021-may-2022-december-2-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways 1. 41.6% of adults had antibodies indicating past SARS-CoV-2 infection during August 2021–May 2022, with 43.7% potentially asymptomatic. 2. Seropositivity without vaccination was more common among younger adults, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black adults, and those with less education. 3. The NHANES data suggests disparities in COVID-19 infection rates and vaccination, especially among - [MMWR Booster for: Vital Signs: Use of Recommended Health Care Measures to Prevent Selected Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia in Children and Adolescents — Selected U.S. States, 2019, Weekly / September 30, 2022 / 71(39);1241–1246](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-vital-signs-use-of-recommended-health-care-measures-to-prevent-selected-complications-of-sickle-cell-anemia-in-children-and-adolescents-selected-u-s-states-2019-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways In 2019, less than half of Medicaid enrollees aged 2–16 with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) received recommended transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening, crucial for stroke risk identification. Hydroxyurea use, effective in reducing SCA complications, was underutilized, with less than half of children aged 2–9 years and about half of those aged 10–16 years - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of a Second COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose Against Infection, Hospitalization, or Death Among Nursing Home Residents — 19 States, March 29–July 25, 2022, Weekly / September 30, 2022 / 71(39);1235–1238](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-a-second-covid-19-vaccine-booster-dose-against-infection-hospitalization-or-death-among-nursing-home-residents-19-states-march-29-july-25-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Second mRNA COVID-19 Booster's Efficacy: In nursing home residents, a second mRNA COVID-19 booster was found to be 74% effective at 60 days against severe COVID-19 outcomes (including hospitalization or death) and 90% effective against death alone, compared to a single booster dose. Study Population and Period: The study examined nursing home - [MMWR Booster for: Reduced Risk for Mpox After Receipt of 1 or 2 Doses of JYNNEOS Vaccine Compared with Risk Among Unvaccinated Persons — 43 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31–October 1, 2022, Weekly / December 9, 2022 / 71(49);1560–1564](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-reduced-risk-for-mpox-after-receipt-of-1-or-2-doses-of-jynneos-vaccine-compared-with-risk-among-unvaccinated-persons-43-u-s-jurisdictions-july-31-october-1-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Significantly Lower Incidence in Vaccinated Individuals: The study found that mpox incidence among unvaccinated individuals was 9.6 times higher than among those who received two doses of JYNNEOS vaccine, and 7.4 times higher than among those who received just one dose. No Difference Between Administration Routes: Preliminary evidence suggests no significant difference - [MMWR Booster for: Widespread Hepatitis A Outbreaks Associated with Person-to-Person Transmission — United States, 2016–2020, Weekly / September 30, 2022 / 71(39);1229–1234](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-widespread-hepatitis-a-outbreaks-associated-with-person-to-person-transmission-united-states-2016-2020-weekly-september-30-2022-71391229-1234/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Shift in Hepatitis A Epidemiology: The U.S. has experienced extensive hepatitis A outbreaks from 2016 to 2020, primarily due to person-to-person transmission rather than contaminated food. High-Risk Populations: The majority of the cases were associated with drug use (56%), homelessness (14%), and a significant portion with hospitalizations (61%) and deaths (380). - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Coagulopathy Associated with Brodifacoum Poisoning — Florida, December 2021, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1288–1290](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-coagulopathy-associated-with-brodifacoum-poisoning-florida-december-2021-weekly-october-7-2022-71401288-1290/) - Top 5 Takeaways Incident Overview: In December 2021, the Florida Department of Health was alerted to three patients with unexplained bleeding, linked to synthetic cannabinoid (SCB) use. This mirrored a similar nationwide incident in 2018. Epidemiologic Investigation: A comprehensive investigation was launched across multiple counties and healthcare facilities, focusing on SCB use and bleeding symptoms. - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Bivalent mRNA Vaccines in Preventing Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection — Increasing Community Access to Testing Program, United States, September–November 2022, Weekly / December 2, 2022 / 71(48);1526–1530](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-bivalent-mrna-vaccines-in-preventing-symptomatic-sars-cov-2-infection-increasing-community-access-to-testing-program-united-states-september-nove/) - Top 5 Takeaways Bivalent Boosters' Effectiveness: The study reveals that bivalent mRNA COVID-19 boosters offer significant additional protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially for those who had 2 to 4 prior monovalent vaccine doses. Increased Protection Over Time: The effectiveness of the bivalent booster increases with time since the last monovalent vaccine dose, indicating waning - [MMWR Booster for: Appliances Used by Consumers to Prepare Frozen Stuffed Chicken Products — United States, May–July 2022, Weekly / December 2, 2022 / 71(48);1511–1516](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-appliances-used-by-consumers-to-prepare-frozen-stuffed-chicken-products-united-states-may-july-2022-weekly-december-2-2022-71481511-1516/) - Top 5 Takeaways Survey Findings: Over half of the survey respondents used appliances other than ovens to cook frozen stuffed chicken products, with 29% using microwaves. Notably, lower-income respondents and those living in mobile homes reported higher microwave use and lower oven use. Public Health Implications: Economic factors and living conditions may limit access to - [MMWR Booster for: Human Rabies — Texas, 2021, Weekly / December 9, 2022 / 71(49);1547–1549](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-human-rabies-texas-2021-weekly-december-9-2022-71491547-1549/) - Top 5 Takeaways A Fatal Case of Human Rabies: A 7-year-old boy in Texas died from rabies after being bitten by a bat, with the disease not recognized until clinical symptoms appeared two months later. Lack of Awareness and Delayed Treatment: The absence of visible bite marks and unawareness about rabies risks from bats led - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Burkholderia pseudomallei Detected in a Raccoon Carcass Linked to a Multi-state Aromatherapy-Associated Melioidosis Outbreak — Texas, 2022, Weekly / December 16, 2022 / 71(50);1597–1598](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-burkholderia-pseudomallei-detected-in-a-raccoon-carcass-linked-to-a-multi-state-aromatherapy-associated-melioidosis-outbreak-texas-2022-weekly-dec/) - Top 5 Takeaways Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterium causing melioidosis, was detected in a raccoon carcass in Texas, linked to a multistate melioidosis outbreak from an imported aromatherapy spray. The raccoon, exposed to the contaminated spray, developed acute neurologic symptoms and died, leading to concerns about environmental contamination by the pathogen. Extensive environmental testing at the - [MMWR Booster for: HIV Services and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, 2019–2021, Weekly / December 2, 2022 / 71(48);1505–1510](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hiv-services-and-outcomes-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-united-states-2019-2021-weekly-december-2-2022-71481505-1510/) - Top 5 Takeaways HIV Testing and PrEP Prescriptions Decreased Then Rebounded: In 2020, a decline in HIV testing and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescriptions was observed in the first half of the year, followed by a rebound. Stable HIV Care and Treatment: Despite initial disruptions, the number of persons linked to HIV care, prescribed antiretroviral therapy - [MMWR Booster for: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortality by Industry and Occupation — United States, 2020, Weekly / December 9, 2022 / 71(49);1550–1554](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-mortality-by-industry-and-occupation-united-states-2020-weekly-december-9-2022-71491550-1554/) - Top 5 Takeaways COPD as a Leading Cause of Death: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2020. Mortality Data Analysis: In 2020, 316,023 deaths (10.3%) among ever-employed persons were associated with COPD, with data analyzed from 46 states and New York City. High-Risk Industries - [MMWR Booster for: Safety Monitoring of JYNNEOS Vaccine During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak — United States, May 22–October 21, 2022 Weekly / December 9, 2022 / 71(49);1555–1559](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-safety-monitoring-of-jynneos-vaccine-during-the-2022-mpox-outbreak-united-states-may-22-october-21-2022weekly-december-9-2022-71491555-1559/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Nearly 1 million JYNNEOS doses administered: From May 22 to October 21, 2022, around 987,294 doses were given in the U.S., showing a safety profile consistent with prelicensure studies. Most common adverse events were nonserious: These included injection site reactions. Serious adverse events were rare in adults, and none identified in persons - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication ― Afghanistan, January 2021–September 2022, Weekly / December 9, 2022 / 71(49);1541–1546](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-poliomyelitis-eradication-―-afghanistan-january-2021-september-2022-weekly-december-9-2022-71491541-1546/) - Top 5 Takeaways Reduction in Polio Cases: Afghanistan reported only two cases of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in 2022 up to September, a reduction from previous years, with no cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) compared to 43 in 2021. Vaccination Expansion Post-Political Transition: Post August 2021 political changes, 3.5–4.5 million previously - [MMWR Booster for: Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Coinfection and Clinical Characteristics Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Who Were Hospitalized or Died with Influenza — United States, 2021–22 Influenza Season, Weekly / December 16, 2022 / 71(50);1589–1596](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-prevalence-of-sars-cov-2-and-influenza-coinfection-and-clinical-characteristics-among-children-and-adolescents-aged/) - Top 5 Takeaways 6% of pediatric influenza hospitalizations had concurrent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID) coinfection during the 2021–22 influenza season. Coinfected patients exhibited a higher need for respiratory support (invasive or noninvasive) compared to those with influenza only. Among pediatric deaths linked to influenza, 16% had SARS-CoV-2 coinfection; vaccination and antiviral use were notably low in these - [MMWR Booster for: COVID-19 and Other Underlying Causes of Cancer Deaths — United States, January 2018–July 2022, Weekly / December 16, 2022 / 71(50);1583–1588](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-covid-19-and-other-underlying-causes-of-cancer-deaths-united-states-january-2018-july-2022-weekly-december-16-2022-71501583-1588/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Increased Risk for Cancer Patients: Individuals with cancer showed an elevated risk of dying from COVID-19, with 2.0% in 2020 and 2.4% in 2021 having COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death. Demographic Disparities: Higher death rates due to COVID-19 were observed in older adults, males, Hispanic or Latino, non-Hispanic American Indian - [MMWR Booster for: Drug Overdose Deaths Among Persons Aged 10–19 Years — United States, July 2019–December 2021, Weekly / December 16, 2022 / 71(50);1576–1582](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-drug-overdose-deaths-among-persons-aged-10-19-years-united-states-july-2019-december-2021-weekly-december-16-2022-71501576-1582/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Median monthly overdose deaths among adolescents aged 10-19 years increased by 109% from July–December 2019 to July–December 2021. Deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyls (IMFs) rose by 182%, with about 84% of deaths involving IMFs. Approximately 90% of overdose deaths involved opioids, with counterfeit pills present in nearly 25% of cases. Two-thirds of - [MMWR Booster for: Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination — India, 2005–2021, Weekly / December 16, 2022 / 71(50);1569–1575](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-progress-toward-measles-and-rubella-elimination-india-2005-2021-weekly-december-16-2022-71501569-1575/) - Top 5 Takeaways Increased Vaccine Coverage: From 2005 to 2021, coverage with the first dose of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) increased from 68% to 89%, and the second dose from 27% to 82%. Decline in Disease Incidence: Measles and rubella incidence decreased by 62% and 48% respectively during 2017–2021. Implementation of National Strategies: This includes - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Mpox Cases from the Initial Phase of the Outbreak — New York City, May 19–July 15, 2022, Weekly / December 30, 2022 / 71(5152);1631–1633](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-mpox-cases-from-new-york-city/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Demographics and Risk Behaviors: Among 719 mpox patients in NYC, 97.9% were men, predominantly identifying as gay or queer (78.7%), or bisexual (5.6%). A significant proportion reported intimate or sexual contact with men, which appears to have been a key risk factor. Symptomatology: Prodromal symptoms were noted in 38.1% of cases. Notably, - [MMWR Booster for: Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Immunocompetent Adults — VISION Network, Nine States, September–November 2022, Weekly / December 30, 2022 / 71(5152);1616–1624](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-early-estimates-mrna-vaccine-effectiveness-in-preventing-covid-19-among-adults/) - Top 5 Takeaways: Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness: The study found that bivalent mRNA vaccines are effective in preventing COVID-19–associated emergency department/urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among immunocompetent adults. Comparative Analysis: The vaccine's effectiveness was compared with both unvaccinated individuals and those who had only received monovalent mRNA vaccines. Protection Rates: The effectiveness against COVID-19–associated ED/UC - [MMWR Booster for: Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons — 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22–September 3, 2022, Weekly / December 30, 2022 / 71(5152);1610–1615](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-demographic-and-clinical-characteristics-of-mpox-in-persons-who-had-previously-received-1-dose-of-jynneos-vaccine-and-in-unvaccinated-persons-29-u-s-jurisdictions-may-22/) - Top 5 Takeaways: One-Dose JYNNEOS Vaccine Efficacy: One dose of JYNNEOS vaccine, administered ≥14 days before illness onset, demonstrated some protective effects against mpox, including reduced symptoms and lower hospitalization rates compared to unvaccinated individuals. Reduced Symptom Severity in Vaccinated Individuals: Vaccinated individuals showed significantly lower odds of experiencing fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and chills - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Seizures, Hyperthermia, and Myocardial Injury in Three Young Adults Who Consumed Bromazolam Disguised as Alprazolam — Chicago, Illinois, February 2023, Weekly / January 5, 2024 / 72(5253);1392–1393](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/notes-from-the-field-seizures-hyperthermia-and-myocardial-injury-in-three-young-adults-who-consumed-bromazolam-disguised-as-alprazolam/) - Top 5 Takeaways 1. Bromazolam Might Be Sold as Benzodiazepines: Identified as a counterfeit benzodiazepine, bromazolam use has increased, often found in combination with fentanyl. 2. Severe Health Impacts: Three young adults in Chicago experienced seizures, hyperthermia, and myocardial injury after ingesting bromazolam mislabeled as alprazolam. 3. Clinical Presentation: Patients presented with unresponsiveness, high body - [MMWR Booster for: Second Nationwide Tuberculosis Outbreak Caused by Bone Allografts Containing Live Cells — United States, 2023, January 5, 2024 / 72(5253);1385–1389](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-second-nationwide-tuberculosis-outbreak-caused-by-bone-allografts-containing-live-cells-united-states-2023-january-5-2024-7252531385-1389/) - Top 5 Takeaways Second Outbreak in Recent Years: This report covers the second outbreak of TB related to bone allografts in recent years, with 36 recipients affected. Initial Detection and Response: The outbreak was initially detected following two TB cases in different states, leading to a rapid public health response that prevented 53 additional procedures - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Supply Interruptions of First- and Second-Line Oral Drugs to Treat Tuberculosis During the Previous 12 Months — California, January–March, 2023. Weekly / January 5, 2024 / 72(5253);1390–1391](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-supply-interruptions-of-first-and-second-line-oral-drugs-to-treat-tuberculosis-during-the-previous-12-months-california-january-march-2023/) - Top 5 Takeaways Recurrent Drug Shortages: The U.S., particularly California, has faced recurring shortages of first- and second-line TB drugs, impacting treatment regimens. High Priority Concern: California TB programs rated the stabilization of TB drug supplies as a high priority, with high case-count programs giving it a higher importance rating. Impact on Treatment: Drug supply - [MMWR Booster for: Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Mpox in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults — United States, May–November 2022, December 30, 2022 / 71(5152);1605–1609](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-mpox-in-gender-diverse-persons/) - In this entry of MMWR Booster, a summary is provided about findings regarding Clinical and Epidemiological Data in regards to Mpox in Gender Diverse Persons. - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Increases in Firearm Homicide and Suicide Rates — United States, 2020–2021, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1286–1287](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-increases-in-firearm-homicide-and-suicide-rates-united-states-2020-2021-weekly-october-7-2022-71401286-1287/) - Top 5 Takeaways Significant Rise in Firearm Homicide Rate: The rate increased nearly 35% from 2019 to 2020, affecting all ages and most population groups, with widening racial and ethnic disparities. Elevated Firearm Suicide Rate: In 2020, the firearm suicide rate surpassed the homicide rate, with some groups experiencing increases. Highest Rates in Decades: In - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: E-cigarette Use Among Middle and High School Students — United States, 2022, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1283–1285](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-e-cigarette-use-among-middle-and-high-school-students-united-states-2022-weekly-october-7-2022-71401283-1285/) - Top 5 Takeaways In 2022, 14.1% of high school students and 3.3% of middle school students reported using e-cigarettes. Among these users, 42.3% used e-cigarettes frequently, with daily use reported by 27.6%. Disposable e-cigarettes were the most popular device type, especially among high school students (57.2%). Puff Bar was the most commonly used brand, and - [MMWR Booster for: Monkeypox Case Investigation — Cook County Jail, Chicago, Illinois, July–August 2022, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1271–1277](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monkeypox-case-investigation-cook-county-jail-chicago-illinois-july-august-2022-weekly-october-7-2022-71401271-1277/) - Top 5 Takeaways No Monkeypox Transmission in Jail Setting: Despite a confirmed case of monkeypox in Cook County Jail (CCJ), no secondary cases were detected among residents with intermediate-risk exposures who received symptom monitoring or serologic testing. Surface Contamination Detected: Monkeypox virus DNA was found on a surface in the dormitory, but no viable virus - [MMWR Booster for: Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food — Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016–2021, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1260–1264](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-preliminary-incidence-and-trends-of-infections-caused-by-pathogens-transmitted-commonly-through-food-foodborne-diseases-active-surveillance-network-10-u-s-sites-2016/) - Top 5 Takeaways Decrease in Reported Infections: In 2021, infections reported to the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) decreased by 8% compared to the 2016–2018 average. Prevalent Pathogens: Most infections were caused by Campylobacter or Salmonella, with the five most common Salmonella serotypes remaining predominant. Increased Use of CIDTs: The use of culture-independent diagnostic - [MMWR Booster for: Incidence of Monkeypox Among Unvaccinated Persons Compared with Persons Receiving ≥1 JYNNEOS Vaccine Dose — 32 U.S. Jurisdictions, July 31–September 3, 2022, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1278–1282](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-incidence-of-monkeypox-among-unvaccinated-persons-compared-with-persons-receiving-≥1-jynneos-vaccine-dose-32-u-s-jurisdictions-july-31-september-3-2022/) - Top 5 Takeaways Monkeypox Incidence: Among males aged 18–49 years eligible for JYNNEOS vaccination in the U.S., the incidence of monkeypox was 14 times higher among unvaccinated individuals compared to those who had received their first vaccine dose at least 14 days earlier. Vaccination Protection: The study suggests that a single dose of JYNNEOS vaccine - [MMWR Booster for: Increase in Acute Respiratory Illnesses Among Children and Adolescents Associated with Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses, Including Enterovirus D68 — United States, July–September 2022, Weekly / October 7, 2022 / 71(40);1265–1270](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-increase-in-acute-respiratory-illnesses-among-children-and-adolescents-associated-with-rhinoviruses-and-enteroviruses-including-enterovirus-d68-united-states-july/) - Top 5 Takeaways Surge in Respiratory Illnesses: There's been an increase in acute respiratory illness (ARI) and asthma/reactive airway disease (RAD) among children and adolescents in the summer of 2022, linked to rising detection of rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV), particularly Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). Previous Patterns: EV-D68 has caused biennial outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Harmful Algal Bloom Affecting Private Drinking Water Intakes — Clear Lake, California, June–November 2021, Weekly / October 14, 2022 / 71(41);1306–1307](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-harmful-algal-bloom-affecting-private-drinking-water-intakes-clear-lake-california-june-november-2021-weekly-october-14-2022-714113/) - Top 5 Takeaways Persistent Cyanobacteria HABs: Clear Lake experienced multiple cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (HABs) from June to November 2021, with microcystins levels often exceeding California's health advisory limit. Impact on Private Drinking Water: Homes around Clear Lake, using private water systems or wells, faced uncertainty regarding water safety due to these blooms. Cal-WATCH Project - [MMWR Booster for: Notes from the Field: Antihistamine Positivity and Involvement in Drug Overdose Deaths — 44 Jurisdictions, United States, 2019–2020, Weekly / October 14, 2022 / 71(41);1308–1310](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-antihistamine-positivity-and-involvement-in-drug-overdose-deaths-44-jurisdictions-united-states-2019-2020-weekly-october-14-2022-7141/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Antihistamine-Related Overdoses: 14.7% of overdose deaths (13,574 cases) were antihistamine-positive, and 3.6% (3,345 cases) were antihistamine-involved during 2019-2020. Dominance of Diphenhydramine: The majority of these cases involved first-generation H1 antihistamines, predominantly diphenhydramine. Demographic Patterns: Antihistamine-related overdose deaths were more common in females, persons aged 35-44, and White, non-Hispanic individuals. Co-occurrence - [MMWR Booster for: HIV Stigma and Health Care Discrimination Experienced by Hispanic or Latino Persons with HIV — United States, 2018–2020, Weekly / October 14, 2022 / 71(41);1293–1300](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-hiv-stigma-and-health-care-discrimination-experienced-by-hispanic-or-latino-persons-with-hiv-united-states-2018-2020-weekly-october-14-2022-71411293/) - Top 5 Takeaways Prevalence of Stigma and Discrimination: Hispanic or Latino persons with HIV reported high levels of stigma and health care discrimination, with women and American Indian or Alaska Native persons experiencing the highest stigma. Gender and Racial Disparities: Stigma was more prevalent among Hispanic women, while health care discrimination was more frequent among - [MMWR Booster for: Adverse Childhood Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Poor Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021, Weekly / October 14, 2022 / 71(41);1301–1305](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-adverse-childhood-experiences-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-associations-with-poor-mental-health-and-suicidal-behaviors-among-high-school-students-adolescent-behavi/) - Top 5 Takeaways High Prevalence of ACEs: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 73.1% of U.S. high school students reported at least one Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE), with 7.8% reporting four or more. Impact on Mental Health and Suicide: Adolescents with four or more ACEs had a fourfold increase in poor current mental health and a 25-fold - [MMWR Booster for: Monkeypox Virus Infection Resulting from an Occupational Needlestick — Florida, 2022, Weekly / October 21, 2022 / 71(42);1348–1349](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-monkeypox-virus-infection-resulting-from-an-occupational-needlestick-florida-2022-weekly-october-21-2022-71421348-1349/) - Top 5 Takeaways First Reported U.S. Case of Monkeypox from Needlestick in Healthcare: A nurse in Florida contracted monkeypox from a needlestick injury while collecting a swab from a patient's lesion. Immediate Post-Exposure Measures: The nurse received prompt medical attention, including washing the wound and postexposure prophylaxis with the JYNNEOS vaccine. Development of a Lesion - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults During BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 Predominant Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in the United States — IVY Network, 18 States, December 26, 2021–August 31, 2022, Weekly / October 21, 2022 / 71(42);1327–1334](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-monovalent-mrna-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalization-among-immunocompetent-adults-during-ba-1-ba-2-and-ba-4-ba-5-predominant-periods-of/) - Top 5 Takeaways Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines: During the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 periods, the effectiveness of three-dose monovalent mRNA vaccines against COVID-19–associated hospitalization waned over time. Vaccine Effectiveness Decrease: The study observed a decrease in effectiveness from 79% to 60% in the initial 120 days after the third dose, dropping further to - [MMWR Booster for: Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations Among Immunocompromised Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Predominance — VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021—August 2022, Weekly / October 21, 2022 / 71(42);1335–1342](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-effectiveness-of-covid-19-mrna-vaccines-against-covid-19-associated-hospitalizations-among-immunocompromised-adults-during-sars-cov-2-omicron-predominance-visi/) - Top 5 Takeaways Vaccine Effectiveness (VE): Among immunocompromised adults, the VE of 2-dose monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalization during Omicron predominance was 36%. VE increased to 67% after a third dose but declined to 32% ≥90 days after dose 3 and 43% after a fourth dose during BA.2/BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/BA.5 predominance. ACIP Recommendations: The - [MMWR Booster for: Ocular Monkeypox — United States, July–September 2022 Weekly / October 21, 2022 / 71(42)](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-ocular-monkeypox-united-states-july-september-2022weekly-october-21-2022-7142/) - Top 5 Takeaways This report details five cases of ocular monkeypox in the U.S. from July to September 2022, highlighting serious complications including vision impairment and prolonged illness. Patients with ocular monkeypox, including those with HIV and immunocompromise, faced treatment delays, hospitalization, and in some cases, significant vision loss. Health care providers should urgently evaluate - [MMWR Booster for: Notes From the Field: Dispensing of Oral Antiviral Drugs for Treatment of COVID-19 by Zip Code–Level Social Vulnerability — United States, December 23, 2021–August 28, 2022, Weekly / October 28, 2022 / 71(43);1384–1385](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-notes-from-the-field-dispensing-of-oral-antiviral-drugs-for-treatment-of-covid-19-by-zip-code-level-social-vulnerability-united-states-december-23-2021/) - Top 5 Takeaways Oral Antivirals for COVID-19: The study analyzes the dispensing of oral antiviral drugs, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, for COVID-19 treatment, focusing on zip code-level social vulnerability in the U.S. from December 23, 2021, to August 28, 2022. Disparities in Dispensing Rates: Initial data showed significant disparities in dispensing rates across high, medium, and - [MMWR Booster for: Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel — United States, 2021–22, Weekly / October 21, 2022 / 71(42);1319–1326](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-influenza-and-covid-19-vaccination-coverage-among-health-care-personnel-united-states-2021-22-weekly-october-21-2022-71421319-1326/) - Top 5 Takeaways Influenza vaccination coverage among Health Care Personnel (HCP) was 79.9% during the 2021–22 season. Primary COVID-19 vaccination completion was reported by 87.3% of HCP, with 67.1% of these having received a COVID-19 booster dose. HCP in long-term care settings had the lowest vaccination coverage, and those with employer vaccination requirements showed higher - [MMWR Booster for: Wastewater Testing and Detection of Poliovirus Type 2 Genetically Linked to Virus Isolated from a Paralytic Polio Case — New York, March 9–October 11, 2022, Weekly / November 4, 2022 / 71(44);1418–1424](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-wastewater-testing-and-detection-of-poliovirus-type-2-genetically-linked-to-virus-isolated-from-a-paralytic-polio-case-new-york-march-9-october-11-2022-weekly/) - Top 5 Takeaways Wastewater Testing Identified PV2 in New York: Wastewater testing in New York detected poliovirus type 2 (PV2), genetically related to the virus from a paralytic polio case in Rockland County, in at least five counties. Evidence of Community Transmission: Continuous detection of PV2 in Orange, Rockland, and Sullivan counties indicates community transmission. - [MMWR Booster for: Paxlovid Associated with Decreased Hospitalization Rate Among Adults with COVID-19 — United States, April–September 2022, Weekly / December 2, 2022 / 71(48);1531–1537](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-for-paxlovid-associated-with-decreased-hospitalization-rate-among-adults-with-covid-19-united-states-april-september-2022-weekly-december-2-2022-71481531/) - Top 5 Takeaways Paxlovid, an outpatient antiviral medication, is linked to a 51% reduction in hospitalization rates for COVID-19 among U.S. adults when prescribed within 5 days of diagnosis. This benefit was observed irrespective of vaccination status or previous infection, emphasizing Paxlovid's effectiveness across different patient groups. A large-scale analysis of electronic health records indicated - [MMWR Booster for: Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults Aged ≥65 Years — IVY Network, 18 States, September 8–November 30, 2022, Weekly / December 30, 2022 / 71(5152);1625–1630](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/bivalent-mrna-vaccine-effectiveness-in-those-over-65/) - Top 5 Takeaways 1. Effectiveness of Bivalent Booster: The study found an 84% effectiveness of the bivalent booster against COVID-19 hospitalization compared to unvaccinated individuals. 2. Relative Vaccine Effectiveness: Compared to those who received ≥2 monovalent-only mRNA vaccine doses, the bivalent booster showed a relative effectiveness of 73%. 3. Study Population and Methodology: The study - [MMWR Booster for: Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Immunocompetent Adults — VISION Network, Nine States, September–November 2022, Weekly / March 17, 2023 / 71(53);1637–1646](https://www.broadlyepi.com/mmwr-booster/mmwr-booster-mrna-covid-effectiveness/) - In this entry of MMWR Booster, a summary is provided about findings regarding COVID mRNA Vaccine effectiveness in preventing severe hopsitalizations and outcomes. - [How To Install R and RStudio](https://www.broadlyepi.com/r/how-to-install-r-and-rstudio/) - In this article, we will take a look at how to install R and RStudio, as well as how to configure RStudio so it better meets your needs. ## Pages - [Home](https://www.broadlyepi.com/) - Epidemiology, Broadly Speaking Mission Statement At Broadly Epi we believe every public health challenge from infectious disease outbreaks to chronic disease inequities deserves clear thinking, smart tools and real human connection. 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